Thesis Optimización del diseño estructural y térmico de un estanque criogénico tipo dewar para el almacenamiento de hidrógeno líquido
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Date
2026-07
Authors
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Program
Ingeniería Civil Mecánica
Departament
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El hidrógeno líquido (LH2) representa una de las formas de almacenamiento energético con mayor densidad gravimétrica disponible, con un poder calorífico de 120 MJ/kg, aproximadamente tres veces superior al de los combustibles convencionales. Sin embargo, su almacenamiento a 20 K impone condiciones extremadamente exigentes, siendo el fenómeno de boil-off —la evaporación continua por transferencia de calor inevitable— el principal obstáculo técnico, especialmente crítico en sistemas de pequeña escala donde la relación superficie/volumen incrementa proporcionalmente las pérdidas térmicas. Este trabajo desarrolla el diseño estructural y la optimización térmica de un estanque criogénico tipo Dewar de 0,12 m³ para el almacenamiento de hidrógeno líquido, orientado a su uso como sistema de apoyo a la investigación experimental en instalaciones universitarias. El diseño mecánico de los recipientes interno (AISI 316L) y externo (ASTM A516 Gr.70) se desarrolló conforme al ASME BPVC Sección VIII División 1, evaluando espesores nominales de 3, 4 y 5 mm. Se evaluaron comparativamente cuatro alternativas de sistema de soporte interno —varillas en configuración X-3D, discos anulares y correas compuestas con tope axial de G10-CR—, considerando simultáneamente criterios estructurales y térmicos, dado el fuerte acoplamiento entre ambos dominios. El aislamiento multicapa (MLI Mylar/Net) que recubre el recipiente interno se evaluó en cuatro configuraciones de 10, 15, 20 y 40 capas. El desempeño estructural de los recipientes y del sistema de soporte se verificó mediante simulación por elementos finitos en Autodesk Inventor, mientras que el desempeño térmico global del sistema —integrando el calor conducido a través del MLI y del sistema de soporte seleccionado— se evaluó mediante simulación en BoilFAST. Los resultados muestran que(...).
Liquid hydrogen (LH2) represents one of the energy storage forms with the highest available gravimetric density, with a calorific value of 120 MJ/kg, approximately three times higher than that of conventional fuels. However, its storage at 20 K imposes extremely demanding conditions, with the boil-off phenomenon—the continuous evaporation caused by inevitable heat transfer—being the main technical obstacle, particularly critical in small-scale systems where the surface-to-volume ratio proportionally increases thermal losses. This work develops the structural design and thermal optimization of a Dewar-type cryogenic tank of 0.12 m³ for liquid hydrogen storage, intended to support experimental research in university facilities. The mechanical design of the inner (AISI 316L) and outer (ASTM A516 Gr.70) vessels was developed in accordance with ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 1, evaluating nominal thicknesses of 3, 4, and 5 mm. Four alternatives for the inner support system were comparatively evaluated—X-3D configuration rods, annular discs, and composite straps with an axial stop made of G10-CR—simultaneously considering structural and thermal criteria, given the strong coupling between both domains. The multi-layer insulation (MLI Mylar/Net) covering the inner vessel was evaluated in four configurations of 10, 15, 20, and 40 layers. The structural performance of the vessels and the support system was verified through finite element simulation in Autodesk Inventor, while the overall thermal performance of the system—integrating the heat conducted through the MLI and the selected support system—was evaluated through simulation in BoilFAST. The results show that(...).
Liquid hydrogen (LH2) represents one of the energy storage forms with the highest available gravimetric density, with a calorific value of 120 MJ/kg, approximately three times higher than that of conventional fuels. However, its storage at 20 K imposes extremely demanding conditions, with the boil-off phenomenon—the continuous evaporation caused by inevitable heat transfer—being the main technical obstacle, particularly critical in small-scale systems where the surface-to-volume ratio proportionally increases thermal losses. This work develops the structural design and thermal optimization of a Dewar-type cryogenic tank of 0.12 m³ for liquid hydrogen storage, intended to support experimental research in university facilities. The mechanical design of the inner (AISI 316L) and outer (ASTM A516 Gr.70) vessels was developed in accordance with ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 1, evaluating nominal thicknesses of 3, 4, and 5 mm. Four alternatives for the inner support system were comparatively evaluated—X-3D configuration rods, annular discs, and composite straps with an axial stop made of G10-CR—simultaneously considering structural and thermal criteria, given the strong coupling between both domains. The multi-layer insulation (MLI Mylar/Net) covering the inner vessel was evaluated in four configurations of 10, 15, 20, and 40 layers. The structural performance of the vessels and the support system was verified through finite element simulation in Autodesk Inventor, while the overall thermal performance of the system—integrating the heat conducted through the MLI and the selected support system—was evaluated through simulation in BoilFAST. The results show that(...).
Description
Keywords
Hidrógeno líquido, Almacenamiento criogénico, Aislamiento multicapa, Diseño estructural, Transferencia de calor
