Thesis Estudio de la implementación de un programa de recuperación de residuos para municipalidades
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Date
2016-11
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
El consumo masivo de productos es fiel reflejo de desarrollo económico, sin embargo para un desarrollo sustentable es importante tomar en cuenta el ciclo de vida de estos productos, es en este sentido que la mayor parte de los bienes de consumo están diseñados para ser convertidos en residuos al final de su utilidad. Es así como algunas instituciones gobiernos han decidido exigir el cierre del ciclo de vida de estos, la forma más común es a través del reciclaje, de tal forma de que los productos vuelvan a la cadena productiva y existan mejores diseños para permitir su valorización. Los residuos sólidos generan contaminación en los ecosistemas, afectando la calidad de vida de quienes conviven en estos. Gran parte de los desechos que se producen son potencialmente valorizables, de ellos se pueden extraer recursos que normalmente son explotados del medioambiente. En Chile, las tasas de reciclaje no superan el 10% anual, en contraste con un aumento sustancial de los residuos que generan tanto personas como empresas dado el aumento de la población y del desarrollo económico. El 2016 se promulgó la ley de Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor, la cual plantea que los productores de los bienes de consumo masivo se hagan responsable de los residuos que resultan de sus productos, esto llevará a una revolución en la industria del reciclaje, puesto que con las metas de recolección se espera un aumento en los niveles de recuperación y en las empresas que realizan esta labor. Es por esto que hay que destacar la labor de los recicladores de base, quienes históricamente se han encargado de la recuperación a nivel domiciliario, y quienes además han hecho este trabajo en un contexto de exclusión social y con precarias condiciones laborales, estos actores se verán en desventaja ante este nuevo escenario. Las Municipalidades también tienen un rol importante en la gestión de residuos y son ellas quienes tienen la facultad de facilitar e implementar iniciativas de reciclaje y además son las responsables de proveer el servicio de recolección de basura. Por lo tanto, el programa que se propondrá en esta memoria va desde la gestión municipal hacia la inclusión de los recicladores para el desarrollo de una estrategia de reciclaje desde el origen. El programa da lineamientos para la recolección y valorización. En primer lugar, es necesaria la participación de los vecinos o usuarios que se afiliarán al programa, quienes deberán separa sus residuos desde el origen, contando con planes de educación y sensibilización dados por la municipalidad. Por otro lado, la recolección se deberá hacer de la misma manera, separada, de tal forma de llevar los residuos a los destinos que les corresponden, es decir, en el caso de los residuos orgánicos irán a una planta de compostaje, los residuos reciclables a una planta de reciclaje y los no reciclables irán a disposición final o relleno sanitario. La planta de compostaje será administrada por entes municipales, esto ya que el producto final de esta planta, el compost, será ocupado en las áreas verdes de la comuna. Por otro lado, la planta de reciclaje será administrada por los recicladores de base a través de una cooperativa con apoyo municipal, esto para fomentar el emprendimiento de los recicladores y disminuir su dependencia de los gobiernos municipales después de un tiempo. Ambas plantas contarán con personal municipal que controlará el funcionamiento de estas plantas, brindando ayuda ante problemas. Para el funcionamiento del programa, la municipalidad deberá disponer de los terrenos necesarios, así como de la infraestructura y maquinaria. Para el caso de la planta de reciclaje, no se hará un cobro a los recicladores por la infraestructura, pero la mantención y la reinversión en maquinaria estará a cargo de ellos, por lo que la municipalidad les brindará lo necesario para partir y mantenerse los 4 primeros años sin la necesidad de reinversiones. Los resultados arrojaron que para la implementación de un programa de estas características es necesario que se inicie con al menos 2200 a 2800 usuarios, dependiendo de las expectativas de crecimiento de los usuarios, a partir de estas cifras el proyecto es rentable para la municipalidad. No obstante, la operación independiente de la planta de reciclaje alcanza su rentabilidad con un número menor de usuarios, alrededor de las 600 y 700 personas, por lo que empezar desde las exigencias de la municipalidad será positivo para la operación de la planta de reciclaje y dará beneficios suficientes para que puedan tomar las decisiones estratégicas que estimen necesarias. Cabe destacar que el indicador de rentabilidad utilizado, el Valor Actual Neto Social, se mueve de manera lineal y positiva ante el aumento de usuarios, y que cuando es mayor la tasa de crecimiento esta tendencia es aún mejor. Quedan muchas variables al azar, debido al escenario de incertidumbre donde se proyecta el programa, pero dadas las facilidades dadas por la nueva ley y el interés de las personas por soluciones ecológicas a los problemas del medioambiente implementar un programa de estas características es atractivo y rentable, mientras se haga en una escala controlable, sobre todo al principio.
The massive consumption of products is a true reflection of economic development, but for sustainable development it is important to take into account the life cycle of these products, it is in this sense that most consumer goods are designed to be converted into Waste at the end of its usefulness. This is how some institutions and governments have decided to close the life cycle of these, the most common is through recycling, so that products return to the production chain and there are better designs to allow their recovery. Solid waste generates pollution in the ecosystems, affecting the quality of life of those who live within them. Much of the waste that is produced is potentially valuable, from which can be extracted resources that are normally exploited from the environment. In Chile, recycling rates do not exceed 10% per annum, in contrast to a substantial increase in waste generated by both individuals and companies, given population growth and economic development. In 2016 was promulgated the Producer Extended Responsibility Law, which proposes that producers of consumer goods take responsibility for the waste that results from their products, this will lead to a revolution in the recycling industry, since with the collection targets are expected to increase recovery levels and in the companies that perform this work. This is why we must highlight the work of recyclers, who have historically been responsible for the recovery at homes, and who have done this work in a context of social exclusion and with precarious working conditions, these actors will be seen in a disadvantage in this new scenario. Municipalities also have an important role in waste management, and they have the power to facilitate and implement recycling initiatives and are also responsible for providing the garbage collection service. Therefore, the program that will be proposed in this report ranges from municipal management to the inclusion of recyclers for the development of a recycling strategy from the outset. The program provides guidelines for collection and recovery. First, it is necessary the participation of neighbors or users who will join the program, who must separate their waste from the source, counting on education and awareness plans given by the municipality. On the other hand, the collection must be done in the same way, separated, in such a way to take the waste to the destinations that correspond to them, ie in the case of organic waste will go to a composting plant, recyclable waste to a recycling plant and the non-recyclables will go to final disposal or landfill. The composting plant will be administered by municipal entities, this since the final product of this plant, the compost, will be occupied in the green areas of the commune. On the other hand, the recycling plant will be managed by the recyclers through a cooperative with municipal support, this to encourage the entrepreneurship of recyclers and decrease their dependence on municipal governments after a while. Both plants will have municipal personnel who will control the operation of these plants, providing help to solve problems. For the operation of the program, the municipality must have the necessary land, as well as the infrastructure and machinery. In the case of the recycling plant, recyclers will not be charged for the infrastructure, but maintenance and reinvestment in machinery will be in charge of them, so that the municipality will provide them with the necessary to start and maintain the 4 years without the need for reinvestment. The results showed that for the implementation of a program of these characteristics it is necessary to start with at least 2200 to 2800 users, depending on the expectations of growth of users, from these numbers the project is profitable for the municipality. However, the independent operation of the recycling plant reaches its profitability with a smaller number of users, around 600 to 700 people, so starting from the requirements of the municipality will be positive for the operation of the recycling plant and will provide sufficient benefits so that they can make the strategic decisions they deem necessary. It should be noted that the indicator of profitability used, Social Net Present Value, moves in a linear and positive way before the increase of users, and when the growth rate is higher this trend is even better. Many variables remain at random, due to the scenario of uncertainty where the program is projected, but given the facilities given by the law and the interest of people in ecological solutions to environmental problems, implementing such a program is attractive and profitable , as long as it is done on a controllable scale, especially at the beginning.
The massive consumption of products is a true reflection of economic development, but for sustainable development it is important to take into account the life cycle of these products, it is in this sense that most consumer goods are designed to be converted into Waste at the end of its usefulness. This is how some institutions and governments have decided to close the life cycle of these, the most common is through recycling, so that products return to the production chain and there are better designs to allow their recovery. Solid waste generates pollution in the ecosystems, affecting the quality of life of those who live within them. Much of the waste that is produced is potentially valuable, from which can be extracted resources that are normally exploited from the environment. In Chile, recycling rates do not exceed 10% per annum, in contrast to a substantial increase in waste generated by both individuals and companies, given population growth and economic development. In 2016 was promulgated the Producer Extended Responsibility Law, which proposes that producers of consumer goods take responsibility for the waste that results from their products, this will lead to a revolution in the recycling industry, since with the collection targets are expected to increase recovery levels and in the companies that perform this work. This is why we must highlight the work of recyclers, who have historically been responsible for the recovery at homes, and who have done this work in a context of social exclusion and with precarious working conditions, these actors will be seen in a disadvantage in this new scenario. Municipalities also have an important role in waste management, and they have the power to facilitate and implement recycling initiatives and are also responsible for providing the garbage collection service. Therefore, the program that will be proposed in this report ranges from municipal management to the inclusion of recyclers for the development of a recycling strategy from the outset. The program provides guidelines for collection and recovery. First, it is necessary the participation of neighbors or users who will join the program, who must separate their waste from the source, counting on education and awareness plans given by the municipality. On the other hand, the collection must be done in the same way, separated, in such a way to take the waste to the destinations that correspond to them, ie in the case of organic waste will go to a composting plant, recyclable waste to a recycling plant and the non-recyclables will go to final disposal or landfill. The composting plant will be administered by municipal entities, this since the final product of this plant, the compost, will be occupied in the green areas of the commune. On the other hand, the recycling plant will be managed by the recyclers through a cooperative with municipal support, this to encourage the entrepreneurship of recyclers and decrease their dependence on municipal governments after a while. Both plants will have municipal personnel who will control the operation of these plants, providing help to solve problems. For the operation of the program, the municipality must have the necessary land, as well as the infrastructure and machinery. In the case of the recycling plant, recyclers will not be charged for the infrastructure, but maintenance and reinvestment in machinery will be in charge of them, so that the municipality will provide them with the necessary to start and maintain the 4 years without the need for reinvestment. The results showed that for the implementation of a program of these characteristics it is necessary to start with at least 2200 to 2800 users, depending on the expectations of growth of users, from these numbers the project is profitable for the municipality. However, the independent operation of the recycling plant reaches its profitability with a smaller number of users, around 600 to 700 people, so starting from the requirements of the municipality will be positive for the operation of the recycling plant and will provide sufficient benefits so that they can make the strategic decisions they deem necessary. It should be noted that the indicator of profitability used, Social Net Present Value, moves in a linear and positive way before the increase of users, and when the growth rate is higher this trend is even better. Many variables remain at random, due to the scenario of uncertainty where the program is projected, but given the facilities given by the law and the interest of people in ecological solutions to environmental problems, implementing such a program is attractive and profitable , as long as it is done on a controllable scale, especially at the beginning.
Description
Keywords
Residuos, Implementación de programa, Municipios, Reciclaje
