Thesis Desarrollo de un prototipo de sensor virtual para la estimación de variables clave en la industria del cobre
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Date
2025-08
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Program
Ingeniería Civil Química
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
En el presente trabajo de memoria se estudió la implementación de un método planteado previamente para estimar la concentración de las especies iónicas presentes en un sistema binario de ácido sulfúrico y agua, correspondiente a una solución utilizada comúnmente como reactivo en procesos de lixiviación de óxidos de cobre, el método consiste en el ajuste de parámetros del modelo de interacción iónica de Pitzer, las ecuaciones de estado revisión de Helgenson – Kirkham – Flowers y la relación de Casteel – Amis, usando datos experimentales recopilados de actividad del agua, densidad y conductividad iónica, respectivamente, y utilizando como motor para los cálculos el software PHREEQC. El enfoque de este estudio fue el de incorporar el procedimiento utilizado en estudios previos, en el cual se utilizó el software PEST para la optimización y ajuste de los parámetros, en el lenguaje computacional Python, evaluando la robustez del método metaheurístico y no basado en gradientes de optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO) y comprándolo con el método basado en gradientes de Levenberg – Marquadt incorporado en PEST. Luego de replicado el procedimiento del acople PHREEQC – PEST e implementado el procedimiento del acople PHREEQC – Python con PSO, se determinó que, por un lado, PEST es capaz de alcanzar consistentemente un buen ajuste y estimación de las propiedades experimentales utilizadas, pero su tiempo de cálculo es largo y es muy sensible a los valores iniciales y rangos de búsqueda para los parámetros, siendo susceptible a detenciones repentinas de la optimización. Por otro lado, el método PSO en Python entrega un mayor control para aspectos de la optimización, principalmente la capacidad de escoger un estimador-M más robusto, comparándose las funciones Fair Loss y Redescending Error con la suma de errores cuadráticos utilizada en PEST, y la capacidad de acotar más los rangos de búsqueda para los parámetros, permitiendo una búsqueda más eficiente, logrando resultados robustos(...).
In the present undergraduate thesis work, the implementation of a previously raised method for the estimation of ionic speciation in a binary sulfuric acid and water system was studied. This system corresponds with a solution commonly used as a reagent in copper oxide’s leaching processes. This method consists in the adjustment of parameters from the Pitzer ion interaction model, Helgenson – Kirkham – Flowers equations of state and the Casteel – Amis equations, using compiled experimental data for water activity, density and ionic conductivity, respectively, and using the software PHREEQC for calculations. The focus of this study was to incorporate the method used in previous studies, in which the PEST software was used for the optimization and adjustment of the parameters, in the Python computer language, evaluating the robustness of the metaheuristic and gradient-free method particle swarm optimization (PSO) and comparing it to the Levenberg – Marquadt method incorporated in PEST. After replicating the PHREEQC – PEST coupling procedure and implementing the procedure with PHREEQC – Python coupling, it was determined that, on one side, PEST is capable of consistently achieving good adjustments and selected chemical properties used for the estimations, but its computing time is long and is very sensitive to initial values and search ranges selected for the parameters, being susceptible to premature termination of the optimization. On the other side, the PSO method in Python provides broader control on optimization aspects, primarily the capacity to choose a more robust M-estimator, being the Fair Loss and Redescending Error functions compared with the sum of square error used in PEST, and the capacity to delimit the search ranges selected for parameters, resulting in a more efficient search and more robust results(...).
In the present undergraduate thesis work, the implementation of a previously raised method for the estimation of ionic speciation in a binary sulfuric acid and water system was studied. This system corresponds with a solution commonly used as a reagent in copper oxide’s leaching processes. This method consists in the adjustment of parameters from the Pitzer ion interaction model, Helgenson – Kirkham – Flowers equations of state and the Casteel – Amis equations, using compiled experimental data for water activity, density and ionic conductivity, respectively, and using the software PHREEQC for calculations. The focus of this study was to incorporate the method used in previous studies, in which the PEST software was used for the optimization and adjustment of the parameters, in the Python computer language, evaluating the robustness of the metaheuristic and gradient-free method particle swarm optimization (PSO) and comparing it to the Levenberg – Marquadt method incorporated in PEST. After replicating the PHREEQC – PEST coupling procedure and implementing the procedure with PHREEQC – Python coupling, it was determined that, on one side, PEST is capable of consistently achieving good adjustments and selected chemical properties used for the estimations, but its computing time is long and is very sensitive to initial values and search ranges selected for the parameters, being susceptible to premature termination of the optimization. On the other side, the PSO method in Python provides broader control on optimization aspects, primarily the capacity to choose a more robust M-estimator, being the Fair Loss and Redescending Error functions compared with the sum of square error used in PEST, and the capacity to delimit the search ranges selected for parameters, resulting in a more efficient search and more robust results(...).
Description
Keywords
Especiación iónica, Ácido sulfúrico, Lixiviación de óxidos de cobre, Modelo de Pitzer, Ecuaciones de estado Helgeson–Kirkham–Flowers, Optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO)
