Thesis Evaluación del modelo de sociedades anónimas en el fútbol chileno: gestión, rendimiento deportivo y gobernanza
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Date
2025-12
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Program
Ingeniería Comercial
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Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
La presente investigación evalúa el modelo de Sociedades Anónimas Deportivas Profesionales (SADP) en Chile, instaurado por la Ley 20.019 con el objetivo de profesionalizar la gestión de los clubes de fútbol. A casi dos décadas de su implementación, el modelo es objeto de profundos cuestionamientos. Se evidencia una crisis de competitividad deportiva y fragilidad financiera, así como una extendida percepción de desalineamiento entre los objetivos de los controladores y los intereses deportivos de los clubes. Este estudio parte de la hipótesis económica de que el problema no radicaría en la figura de la sociedad anónima per se —exitosa en ligas como Inglaterra o España— sino en el débil diseño institucional chileno. Utilizando la Teoría de Agencia y la Economía Institucional como marco conceptual, esta memoria argumenta que la Ley 20.019, sumada a la gobernanza de autogobierno de la ANFP (donde los Agentes actúan como sus propios reguladores), habría generado un escenario propicio para la aparición de incentivos contrarios al desarrollo deportivo. Dicho contexto normativo permite a los Agentes (dirigentes y controladores) tomar decisiones con alta discrecionalidad para maximizar su beneficio personal. Metodológicamente, se realiza un estudio de casos múltiples basado en un análisis longitudinal (2019-2024) de los estados financieros de ocho clubes representativos. La investigación identifica la existencia de tres Tipologías de Gestión que presentarían grados de desalineamiento: Tipología 1 (Modelo de Negocio basado en Venta de Jugadores): Se observaron patrones compatibles con la Extracción de Rentas. Los controladores tienden a activar mecanismos contables, como Gastos Administrativos (G&A) elevados, que coinciden con periodos de altos ingresos por transferencias. El caso de Audax Italiano resulta ilustrativo: en 2021, su Gasto Administrativo alcanzó los $2.053 millones, superando al costo total del plantel ($2.000 millones). Esta cifra disminuyó a niveles operacionales estándar ($945 millones) en 2023, coincidiendo con un año sin ingresos por venta de pases. Tipología 2 (Modelo de Negocio basado en Marca Masiva): Se identificaron conductas asociadas a una Ineficiencia Crónica(...).
This research evaluates the Professional Sports Corporations (SADP) model in Chile, established by Law 20.019 with the objective of professionalizing football club management. Nearly two decades after its implementation, the model is the subject of profound questioning. A crisis of sporting competitiveness and financial fragility is evident, as well as a widespread perception of misalignment between the controllers' objectives and the clubs' sporting interests. This study starts from the economic hypothesis that the problem likely does not lie in the public limited company figure per se—successful in leagues such as England or Spain—but rather in the weak Chilean institutional design. Using Agency Theory and Institutional Economics as a conceptual framework, this thesis argues that Law 20.019, added to the ANFP's self-governance (where Agents act as their own regulators), would have generated a scenario conducive to the emergence of incentives contrary to sporting development. Such a regulatory context allows Agents (managers and controllers) to make decisions with high discretion to maximize their personal benefit. Methodologically, a multiple case study is conducted based on a longitudinal analysis (2019-2024) of the financial statements of eight representative clubs. The research identifies the existence of three Management Typologies that would present degrees of misalignment: Typology 1 (Business Model based on Player Sales): Patterns compatible with Rent Extraction were observed. Controllers tend to activate accounting mechanisms, such as high Administrative Expenses (G&A), which coincide with periods of high income from transfers. The case of Audax Italiano is illustrative: in 2021, its Administrative Expenses reached $2,053 million, exceeding the total squad cost ($2,000 million). This figure decreased to standard operational levels ($945 million) in 2023, coinciding with a year without income from transfer sales. Typology 2 (Business Model based on Mass Brand): Behaviors associated with Chronic Inefficiency were identified(...).
This research evaluates the Professional Sports Corporations (SADP) model in Chile, established by Law 20.019 with the objective of professionalizing football club management. Nearly two decades after its implementation, the model is the subject of profound questioning. A crisis of sporting competitiveness and financial fragility is evident, as well as a widespread perception of misalignment between the controllers' objectives and the clubs' sporting interests. This study starts from the economic hypothesis that the problem likely does not lie in the public limited company figure per se—successful in leagues such as England or Spain—but rather in the weak Chilean institutional design. Using Agency Theory and Institutional Economics as a conceptual framework, this thesis argues that Law 20.019, added to the ANFP's self-governance (where Agents act as their own regulators), would have generated a scenario conducive to the emergence of incentives contrary to sporting development. Such a regulatory context allows Agents (managers and controllers) to make decisions with high discretion to maximize their personal benefit. Methodologically, a multiple case study is conducted based on a longitudinal analysis (2019-2024) of the financial statements of eight representative clubs. The research identifies the existence of three Management Typologies that would present degrees of misalignment: Typology 1 (Business Model based on Player Sales): Patterns compatible with Rent Extraction were observed. Controllers tend to activate accounting mechanisms, such as high Administrative Expenses (G&A), which coincide with periods of high income from transfers. The case of Audax Italiano is illustrative: in 2021, its Administrative Expenses reached $2,053 million, exceeding the total squad cost ($2,000 million). This figure decreased to standard operational levels ($945 million) in 2023, coinciding with a year without income from transfer sales. Typology 2 (Business Model based on Mass Brand): Behaviors associated with Chronic Inefficiency were identified(...).
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Keywords
Sociedades anónimas deportivas profesionales, Gobernanza deportiva, Teoría de agencia, Economía institucional, Regulación financiera, Gestión deportiva
