Thesis Propuesta y conceptualización de la empresa e innovación social en Chile: Análisis desde el modelo Hybrid Spectrum
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Date
2015-09
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
Una visión de éxito en que se admira a quien cumula más dinero y más rápidamente que solo ha llevado a un estado de deshumanización de las relaciones, desvalorización por lo futuro y abundancia de lo mundano. Esa forma ya no da para más, los altos niveles de explotación, trabajo alienante y descuidado de los recursos de nuestra tierra nos comienzan a pasar la cuenta. Cada actor social es hoy más responsable que nunca de su entorno y de su actuar, y de esta responsabilidad no escapan las organizaciones que como individuos y en trabajo en equipo constituimos para desarrollas actividad económica, intercambio y apoyo al desarrollo de nosotros mismos y de nuestra sociedad. Este trabajo se enfrenta a la necesidad de avanzar en conceptualizar y crear un lenguaje que permita entender el tema de la Empresa e Innovación Social bajo la perspectiva de la empresa y la gestión, mejorar la comprensión del fenómeno, generar mejores herramientas de gestión de sus procesos, mejores herramientas de enseñanza de los conceptos detrás de las prácticas y también construir en el largo plazo mejores políticas públicas aplicadas al mundo de la Innovación Social en Chile. El presente trabajo busca hacer una contribución teórica en este campo, aportando desde la elaboración conceptual de un modelo de clasificación de Empresas Sociales, en el marco de la innovación social, tomando como base el modelo Hybrid Spectrum. La revisión y estudio presentado en este trabajo contempla una revisión conceptual, un repaso histórico y del impacto de ciertas organizaciones en Chile, la presentación y análisis de tres modelos de clasificación de empresas que contemplan a la Empresa Social. Luego se avanza en la presentación del modelo base, el Hybrid Spectrum (Alter, Social Enterprise Typology, 2007), sobre el cual, con las herramientas antes presentadas se construye una propuesta de modelo de clasificación. Respecto a los conceptos: La Innovación Social no puede ser considerada como un subconjunto de la innovación secas. La lógica de competitividad, basada en acciones innovadoras asociadas a cambios en las formas de producción y comercialización de bienes y servicios, definición Shumpeteriana extendida a nivel chileno y Latino Americano, tiene mucho sentido en empresas comerciales tradicionales. Pero esta forma de entender la innovación restringe a la Innovación Social al no considerar que esta no sólo implica la generación de nuevos productos, servicios o procesos con un objetivo social, sino que además incluye los procesos complejos de cambio sistémicos del tejido social, desde su estructura, relaciones y dinámicas que lo componen. En este sentido, el principal desafío es entender cómo la Innovación Social juega un rol en la transformación de los sistemas sociales en que vivimos a diario (Escuela de Administración PUC, 2012). La empresa que abraza estos principios ha de ser coherente en su accionar y modo de organización. La Empresa Social debe construirse como una robusta e integrada red de nodos y conexiones con el conocimiento de quiénes constituyen el modelo de operaciones y del programa social y cómo puede cada uno de ellos puede desarrollar valor individual y juntos como un todo. Se destaca el concepto de “valor social” y la generación de éste como un eje central, prioritario y transversal en la terminología estudiada. El siguiente elemento del trabajo es la presentación de tres herramientas de clasificación relevadas de tres trabajos diferentes. El primero de ellos es el Informe Final de la Escuela de Administración de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile “La innovación Social en Chile y el Rol del Estado en su Desarrollo (Escuela de Administración PUC, 2012). El segundo es el Estudio del Diseño de Instrumento para Fomentar la Innovación Social desarrollado por Socialab con base teórica en documentos del Ministerio de Economía (Socialab, 2015) (División de Innovación Ministerio de Economía, 2014). El tercer trabajo es La Empresa Social y su Responsabilidad Social (Barrera, 2007). Cada uno de estos trabajos presenta un modelo de clasificación y análisis de la Empresa Social y su entorno desde distintas perspectivas, siendo este ejercicio en ningún caso los objetivos de sus respectivos trabajos. Las herramientas de clasificación les permiten conceptualizar y ordenar conceptos antes de avanzar hacia sus respectivos objetivos. El análisis de estos modelos da cuenta de lo siguiente: el primer documento, que presenta un modelo de Defourny & Nyssens (2006), trabaja y explica a la empresa social desde un criterio de desarrollo histórico, como puente entre el mundo cooperativo y asociativo, tal como lo hacen estos autores, y lo trae el contexto chileno desde la revisión de las organizaciones que confluyen en su desarrollo para su aparición. El documento de Socialab utiliza un modelo funcional fuertemente ligado con la idea de innovación social y de cómo las organizaciones interactúan y aportan a este ecosistema en Chile. Su aporte se divide entre un catastro de organizaciones en Chile como en la construcción de una herramienta de evaluación para la asignación de recursos vía proyectos a estos emprendimientos con fines sociales. El tercer documento presenta una clasificación de organizaciones previo a un análisis más en profundidad respecto de la responsabilidad social de las empresas y el impacto de los negocios en la base de la pirámide. Su modelo aporta desde su simpleza y permite el hablar y definir otras organizaciones desde la motivación de sus acciones, pero acota la acción de la empresa social al trabajo bajo el modelo de Negocios en la base de la pirámide. La filantropía, en los modelos estudios así como en los trabajos en que están contenidos, es criticada dada su limitación a nivel conceptual y en impacto real para generar un apoyo y ayuda de largo plazo a las comunidades, además de los cambios sistémicos que busca la Innovación Social. Bajo el modelo de Alter (2007) y con las organizaciones analizadas y presentadas en el marco teórico (Cooperativa, Organizaciones sin fines de lucro, asociaciones gremiales, mutuales, Empresa Social), se definen las características y motivos teóricos por lo que definir a cada una de estar organizaciones en uno o más espacios de estas categorías. Son usados parámetros de motivación propios de la estructura de Atler, elementos respecto del aporte de las organizaciones a la Innovación Social, modelos organizacionales, una visión histórica de la función y motivación de las organizaciones e ideas sobre elementos propios de las contradicciones que deben resolver. La Empresa Social en el modelo es descrita también desde modelos organizacionales diferentes: modos de organización que dan forma a su modelo de negocios y gestión. La Empresa Social se muestra con más fuerza como una mixtura y un punto de encuentro de muchas formas de gestión. A su vez su estructura legal o de capital no tiene una forma única, pudiendo adoptar diferentes formas, incluyendo las de empresa privada según la legislación chilena (falta el avanzar en una estructura propia para estas organizaciones en Chile). Es un eje clave en la interacción de distintas formas de organización y una forma posible de conceptualización de muchas organizaciones dependiendo de cómo sea utilizada la herramienta o como se considere y observe el entorno al cual la organización pertenece y aporta. Los límites del modelo de categorización son débiles por lo que se requerirá de una buena aproximación a los principios de la organización, los flujos de recursos y a las personas que la constituyen para poder definirla en una categoría. Es una organización que motivada por finalidades múltiples y sustentable en lo económico (o trabajando para serlo), pero más que eso es la institucionalización de las motivaciones de individuos por crear valor de forma diferente pensando en su impacto en quienes los rodean. La propuesta y trabajo realizado aporta más que desde sí misma, desde los caminos que apunta a señalar y a comenzar a dibujar en el estudio de la Empresa e Innovación Social en Chile desde la gestión de estas mismas. Ideas de profundización hay muchas, tales como el avanzar en analizar relaciones entre las motivaciones de las organizaciones o su finalidad o problema social que intentan atacar y las estructuras que ocupan; sus modos de financiamiento y la diversificación de ellos según modelos de negocios utilizados; y una apreciación más empírica de este trabajo, bajando a un análisis más directo con organizaciones chilenas vinculadas a la Innovación Social. Este trabajo va dirigido a todos quienes piensan, ponen en práctica y estudian el tema, a los centros de formación de personas y a todos aquellos esfuerzos por acercar los conceptos, ideas y formas a las personas y organizaciones, sean estas universidades, centros de estudio, empresas o el Estado. Una reflexión final de este trabajo es el que disminuir la desigualdad en el caso chileno se relaciona con el resolver el acceso democrático de las personas a aquellos servicios y condiciones fundamentales que le permitan alcanzar una calidad de vida digna, y no mínima, luchando por que esto no dependa del tamaño del ingreso o de cualquier otro tipo de patrimonio material. La innovación Social como modelo de acción y la Empresa Social como institución y actor han mostrado que tienen algo que aportar en este sentido.
A vision of success in which the person who makes more is the one who gets admired the most, along with the cause it has rapidly brought, such as the dehumanization of relationships, devaluation about the future, and abundance of the mundane, becomes unsustainable. The high levels of exploitation, jobs in which you have to alienate, and negligence of our natural resources are started to take a toll on us. Every member of society is responsible now more than ever to be an active participant of their environment and way of behaving in them. Institutions, as active participants of society as well, are also responsible for developing the economy and supporting the development of society. This problem faces the necessity of advancing in conceptualizing and creating a language that allows the understanding of the topics of Business and Social Innovation; which can be done after the business and management perspectives, improvement of the understanding of the business phenomenon, generation of better management tools for specific processes, improvement of teaching tools on concepts behind the practices, and construction of public policies applied to the Social Innovation world in Chile in the long term. The review and study presented in this project includes a conceptual revision, a historical recap and impact of some organizations in Chile, the presentation and analysis of three models of classification of businesses that work with Social Enterprises. Then this project advances with the presentation of the principal model, the Hybrid Spectrum, in which the tools presented before, helped build a proposal of the classification model. Regarding the concepts: Social Innovation cannot be considered a subpart of Dry Innovations. The logic of competitiveness based on innovative actions linked to changes in the shapes of production and commercialization of goods and services---Schumpeterian definition extended to a Chilean and Latin American level---makes much more sense in traditional commercial enterprises. However, this way of understanding what innovation is, restricts the concept of Social Innovation when we do not consider that this concept does not only implicates the generation of new products, services or processes, but also influences the complex processes of systematic changes of the social fabric, its structure, relationships, and dynamics that are part of it. The biggest challenge is to understand how Social Innovation plays an important role in the transformation of the social systems in which we live daily (PUC, 2012). The business that deals with these principals needs to be coherent in their actions and way of organization. The Social Enterprise should be built as a strong and integrated network node and connections with the knowledge of people who can incorporate an operation model and social program, and can develop individual and collective value. This project highlights the concept of “social value” and its generation as a focal, urgent, and transversal point of the studied terminology. The next element of this research is the presentation of three classification tools dawned from three different reports. The first report is the Final Report from the School of Administration of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile “The Social Innovation in Chile and the Role of the State in its Development (PUC 2012)”. The second report is about the Study of the Instrument Design to promote Social Innovation developed by Socialab with a theory based on documents from the Economy Ministry (Socialab, 2015) (Division of Innovation of the Economy Ministry, 2014). The third report is about the Social Enterprise and its Social Responsibility (Barrera, 2007). Each one of these reports presents a model of classification and analysis of the Social Enterprise and its projection from different perspectives, but this is not the central propose of this. The tools of classification allow to conceptualize and to put in order concepts before moving forward towards their respective objectives. The analysis of the models explains the following: The first document, which represents a model from Defourny & Nyssens (2006), works and explains to the Social Enterprise from a historical development aspect that; like a bridge between the cooperative and associative world, it attracts the Chilean context from the organizations that come together to help its appearance. The document from Socialab utilizes a functional model strongly linked to the idea of Social Innovation, and how organizations interact with each other and contribute to this ecosystem in Chile. Its contribution is divided in a cadaster of organizations in Chile and the construction of an evaluation tool to the assignation of resources through projects to the entrepreneurship areas with social goals. The third document talks about the classification of organizations previous to a more deep analysis in regards to the social responsibility of the enterprises and the impact of businesses at the bottom of the pyramid. Its model contributes from its simplicity and allows discussion and allows defining other organizations from the motivation of its actions. However, it determines the actions of the social enterprise to the project under the model of Business in the bottom of the pyramid. The Philanthropy in the models of studies, just like in the projects in which they contain, is criticized because of its limitation at a conceptual level and the real impact to generate support and help on a long-term basis to communities; moreover, of the systematic changes that Social Innovation looks for. Under the model of Alter (2007) and with the analysis and presentations of the organizations in the theory parameter (cooperatives, non-profits, gremial groups, mutual society, social enterprises) define the characteristics and the theory motives so it places each organization in one or more of each of these categories. Elements of the parameters of motivation from the structure or Alter are used in regards to the contribution from the organizations to the concepts of Social Innovation, organizational models, a historic vision of the function and motivation of the organizations and ideas about the respective elements to the contradictions that are yet to be solved. The Social Enterprise in this model is also described from different organizational models: ways of organizations that shape their model in business and management. The Social Enterprise is shown as a strong concept, a mixture and a meeting point of many types of management. At the same time, its legal structure or its capital is not a unique type. It adopts different shapes, including the shapes of a private enterprise according to the Chilean Legislation (there is a lack of unique structure for these organizations in Chile). It plays an important role in the interaction of different forms of organization and a very possible way of conceptualization of many organizations, depending on how this one is used as a tool or how it is considered and observed by its surroundings in which the organization belongs to. The limits of the organization model are weak so it is required a close approximation to the principles of the organization, the resources flow, and the people who belong to them to define it in a category. It is an organization that is created by multiple objectives and economically sustainable (work towards achieving that), but more than that, it is the concept of institutionalizing the motives of the individuals to create value in a different way and thinking about the impact they would produce around them. This work presents more than what has been written. It presents methods that aim towards a certain direction and it draws a better picture of the Enterprise and Social Innovation in Chile from the management points of view themselves. There are many deepening ideas, such as advancing towards analyzing relationships between the motives of the organizations, or its purpose, or social problem that tries to attack, and the structures that take up. Moreover, the forms of financing and its diversification according to business models utilize and a more empirical appreciation of this work, brings a more direct analysis on the Chilean organizations linked to the concept of Social Innovation. A final reflection of the work done in this research is that reducing the disparity in the Chilean society is connected to solving the democratic access of the people to such services and fundamental conditions that allows them to have a better quality of life. This would allow people not to depend on the size of an income or the dependency of another institutional entity. The Innovation Model as a model of action and the Social Enterprise as an institution with an important role have demonstrated that have a lot to give in this sense.
A vision of success in which the person who makes more is the one who gets admired the most, along with the cause it has rapidly brought, such as the dehumanization of relationships, devaluation about the future, and abundance of the mundane, becomes unsustainable. The high levels of exploitation, jobs in which you have to alienate, and negligence of our natural resources are started to take a toll on us. Every member of society is responsible now more than ever to be an active participant of their environment and way of behaving in them. Institutions, as active participants of society as well, are also responsible for developing the economy and supporting the development of society. This problem faces the necessity of advancing in conceptualizing and creating a language that allows the understanding of the topics of Business and Social Innovation; which can be done after the business and management perspectives, improvement of the understanding of the business phenomenon, generation of better management tools for specific processes, improvement of teaching tools on concepts behind the practices, and construction of public policies applied to the Social Innovation world in Chile in the long term. The review and study presented in this project includes a conceptual revision, a historical recap and impact of some organizations in Chile, the presentation and analysis of three models of classification of businesses that work with Social Enterprises. Then this project advances with the presentation of the principal model, the Hybrid Spectrum, in which the tools presented before, helped build a proposal of the classification model. Regarding the concepts: Social Innovation cannot be considered a subpart of Dry Innovations. The logic of competitiveness based on innovative actions linked to changes in the shapes of production and commercialization of goods and services---Schumpeterian definition extended to a Chilean and Latin American level---makes much more sense in traditional commercial enterprises. However, this way of understanding what innovation is, restricts the concept of Social Innovation when we do not consider that this concept does not only implicates the generation of new products, services or processes, but also influences the complex processes of systematic changes of the social fabric, its structure, relationships, and dynamics that are part of it. The biggest challenge is to understand how Social Innovation plays an important role in the transformation of the social systems in which we live daily (PUC, 2012). The business that deals with these principals needs to be coherent in their actions and way of organization. The Social Enterprise should be built as a strong and integrated network node and connections with the knowledge of people who can incorporate an operation model and social program, and can develop individual and collective value. This project highlights the concept of “social value” and its generation as a focal, urgent, and transversal point of the studied terminology. The next element of this research is the presentation of three classification tools dawned from three different reports. The first report is the Final Report from the School of Administration of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile “The Social Innovation in Chile and the Role of the State in its Development (PUC 2012)”. The second report is about the Study of the Instrument Design to promote Social Innovation developed by Socialab with a theory based on documents from the Economy Ministry (Socialab, 2015) (Division of Innovation of the Economy Ministry, 2014). The third report is about the Social Enterprise and its Social Responsibility (Barrera, 2007). Each one of these reports presents a model of classification and analysis of the Social Enterprise and its projection from different perspectives, but this is not the central propose of this. The tools of classification allow to conceptualize and to put in order concepts before moving forward towards their respective objectives. The analysis of the models explains the following: The first document, which represents a model from Defourny & Nyssens (2006), works and explains to the Social Enterprise from a historical development aspect that; like a bridge between the cooperative and associative world, it attracts the Chilean context from the organizations that come together to help its appearance. The document from Socialab utilizes a functional model strongly linked to the idea of Social Innovation, and how organizations interact with each other and contribute to this ecosystem in Chile. Its contribution is divided in a cadaster of organizations in Chile and the construction of an evaluation tool to the assignation of resources through projects to the entrepreneurship areas with social goals. The third document talks about the classification of organizations previous to a more deep analysis in regards to the social responsibility of the enterprises and the impact of businesses at the bottom of the pyramid. Its model contributes from its simplicity and allows discussion and allows defining other organizations from the motivation of its actions. However, it determines the actions of the social enterprise to the project under the model of Business in the bottom of the pyramid. The Philanthropy in the models of studies, just like in the projects in which they contain, is criticized because of its limitation at a conceptual level and the real impact to generate support and help on a long-term basis to communities; moreover, of the systematic changes that Social Innovation looks for. Under the model of Alter (2007) and with the analysis and presentations of the organizations in the theory parameter (cooperatives, non-profits, gremial groups, mutual society, social enterprises) define the characteristics and the theory motives so it places each organization in one or more of each of these categories. Elements of the parameters of motivation from the structure or Alter are used in regards to the contribution from the organizations to the concepts of Social Innovation, organizational models, a historic vision of the function and motivation of the organizations and ideas about the respective elements to the contradictions that are yet to be solved. The Social Enterprise in this model is also described from different organizational models: ways of organizations that shape their model in business and management. The Social Enterprise is shown as a strong concept, a mixture and a meeting point of many types of management. At the same time, its legal structure or its capital is not a unique type. It adopts different shapes, including the shapes of a private enterprise according to the Chilean Legislation (there is a lack of unique structure for these organizations in Chile). It plays an important role in the interaction of different forms of organization and a very possible way of conceptualization of many organizations, depending on how this one is used as a tool or how it is considered and observed by its surroundings in which the organization belongs to. The limits of the organization model are weak so it is required a close approximation to the principles of the organization, the resources flow, and the people who belong to them to define it in a category. It is an organization that is created by multiple objectives and economically sustainable (work towards achieving that), but more than that, it is the concept of institutionalizing the motives of the individuals to create value in a different way and thinking about the impact they would produce around them. This work presents more than what has been written. It presents methods that aim towards a certain direction and it draws a better picture of the Enterprise and Social Innovation in Chile from the management points of view themselves. There are many deepening ideas, such as advancing towards analyzing relationships between the motives of the organizations, or its purpose, or social problem that tries to attack, and the structures that take up. Moreover, the forms of financing and its diversification according to business models utilize and a more empirical appreciation of this work, brings a more direct analysis on the Chilean organizations linked to the concept of Social Innovation. A final reflection of the work done in this research is that reducing the disparity in the Chilean society is connected to solving the democratic access of the people to such services and fundamental conditions that allows them to have a better quality of life. This would allow people not to depend on the size of an income or the dependency of another institutional entity. The Innovation Model as a model of action and the Social Enterprise as an institution with an important role have demonstrated that have a lot to give in this sense.
Description
Keywords
Innovación social, Hybrid Spectrum, Conceptualización de empresa
