Thesis Principios de negociación . Una guía práctica para dar los primeros pasos
Loading...
Date
2015-09
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
La negociación es un proceso que está presente en casi todas las facetas de la vida. En las amistades, las relaciones familiares, laborales, comerciales; en el colegio, universidad, etc... Se define como un proceso por medio del cual dos partes llegan a un acuerdo de mutuo beneficio. Con base en esta definición, se puede entender cómo las personas negocian constantemente, aunque no estén conscientes de ello. Como en este proceso participan personas, es necesario considerar la psicología y tener en cuenta que “el sentido común no es el más común de los sentidos”. Es decir, en el desarrollo de la negociación influirá mucho el estado de ánimo de la otra parte. También afectan las expectativas, el involucramiento, el orgullo, las proyecciones laborales, los valores y cada uno de los factores que muevan a la persona. La base de la negociación es el entendimiento de las necesidades, tanto de la otra parte como las propias, de manera de poder evaluar la posibilidad de un acuerdo y la forma que éste tomará. Para poder llegar a este entendimiento la principal herramienta son las preguntas. ¿Cómo llegar a entender a la otra parte de manera cabal…? ¡Preguntando! Se habla de que cada parte tiene un “concepto” detrás del cual anda, que es la idea que tiene en mente, y que es la solución mental que él ha dado a la suma de sus necesidades. Es necesario entender que trabajar con pensamientos no es fácil para las personas relacionadas con la ingeniería. Las técnicas de enseñanza relacionadas al “método científico” usan un proceso que pretende estandarizar los fenómenos a una serie de pasos, para luego sacar conclusiones en base a la información. Este es una herramienta muy útil, ya que permite dar un método para enfrentar “Problemas” (situaciones) matemáticos o físicos. Sin embargo, es limitado, ya que hace suposiciones que no funcionan muy bien cuando se trabaja con personas. Esta forma de pensamiento se llama lineal. Esta limitación tiene una explicación: “un problema de matemáticas supone que todas las demás variables permanecen constantes”. ¡Esto no aplica para las personas! Como la formación de los ingenieros necesita transferir una gran cantidad de conocimiento, el método científico es útil para ese fin, pero no para tratar con otros tipos de “problemas” que incluyan a las personas, que tienen sentimientos, aflicciones, estados de ánimo, etc., variables que están muy lejos de “permanecer constantes”. Para ello es necesario aplicar el pensamiento lateral. Junto con el concepto, las necesidades, las preguntas y el pensamiento lateral, la negociación requiere de preparación y disciplina. La preparación es necesaria para poder realizar el trabajo previo que permita levantar toda la información requerida, aprovechando al máximo cada encuentro con la otra parte. Este encuentro (también denominado llamada o contacto) puede ser cara a cara, por teléfono, por mail o a través de terceras personas (recomendaciones), etc., dependiendo del nivel de importancia y cuán ocupada esté la otra parte. La disciplina es importante, ya que se debe hacer el trabajo completo (preguntas, revisión, investigación, contactos, etc.) y luego seguir el plan ideado. Al estudiar la mente humana y sus capacidades de adquirir conocimiento, algunos estudiosos llegan a la conclusión de que la etapa en que las personas aprenden más es durante la niñez. Casualmente (o sorprendentemente) el método aplicado por los niños es el de las preguntas: ¿Por qué? ¿por qué? y ¿por qué…? Es que ellos están aprehendiendo una gran cantidad de información por minuto, conociendo el mundo, las palabras, lugares, el clima, a las personas, a los animales, etc. Si se quiere saber qué está pasando por la mente de la otra parte… ¿No se debería seguir ese método tan exitoso? Finalmente, la experiencia hará del “negociador” un actor preparado para desarrollar el rol que la vida le asigne: comprador, vendedor, padre, esposo, novio, hijo, etc., ya que, como dice el dicho: “la práctica hace al maestro”. A medida que el negociador se va enfrentando a situaciones de negociación, va aprendiendo a reconocerlas y a no sentir temor, ansiedad, angustia, rabia, decepción, frustración o pena. Al igual que un tenista profesional, va dominando las técnicas del juego y comienza a disfrutar de los partidos, por más difíciles que estos sean. En este estudio se ha presentado la negociación desde su definición hasta casos prácticos, explicando cosas que una vez leídas parecen completamente lógicas y evidentes, aunque las personas no están conscientes de ello en el actuar común y corriente de sus vidas. Los años ayudan a conocer técnicas de negociación, pero también hay muchos libros de calidad que entregan técnicas básicas y avanzadas, que son de gran ayuda. En ellos, los autores estudian cada uno de los temas desarrollados, de manera que el lector pueda tener acceso a los estudios y sus conclusiones. En el capítulo V se dan referencias de los principales libros. Sin embargo, también está el riesgo de que existen otros libros que no aportan mucho y que resultan ser una pérdida de tiempo. Para evitar dicha pérdida, se recomienda al lector solicitar referencias a personas que ya los hayan leído, antes de comenzar la lectura. Finalmente, la tesis se confirma: Dado la importancia que tiene la negociación en las distintas áreas de la vida, es necesario que los ingenieros recién egresados que se dedican a labores de venta consultiva, la conozcan y desarrollen sus habilidades en ella.
Negotiation is a process that is present in almost every facet of life. In friendships, relationships, family, work, shopping; at school, college, etc ... It is defined as a process whereby two parties reach a mutually beneficial agreement. Based on this definition, you can understand how people constantly negotiate, although not aware of it. As this process involves people, consider the psychology and note that "common sense is not the most common of the senses". That is, in the development of the negotiations will greatly influence the mood of the other party. Also they affect expectations, involvement, pride, employment projections, the values and each of the factors that move the person. The basis of trading is understanding the needs of both the other party as their own, so as to assess the possibility of an agreement and the form it will take. To reach this understanding, questions are the main tool. How to get to understand the other part of comprehensive manner...? Asking! It is said that each party has a "concept" behind which walk, which is the idea you have in mind, and that is mental solution that has the sum of its needs. You must understand that working with thoughts is not easy for those involved in engineering. Teaching techniques related to the "scientific method" use a process that aims to standardize the phenomena to a series of steps and then drawing conclusions based on the information. This is a very useful tool because it allows for a method to deal with mathematical or physical "problems" (situations). However, it is limited because it makes assumptions that do not work very well when working with people. This way of thinking is called linear. This limitation has an explanation: "a math problem assumes that all other variables remain constant." This does not apply to people! As the training of engineers need to transfer a lot of knowledge, the scientific method is useful for that purpose, but not to deal with other types of "problems" that include people who have feelings, sufferings, moods, etc., variables that are far from "remain constant". This requires applying lateral thinking. Along with the concept, needs, questions and lateral thinking, negotiation requires preparation and discipline. Preparation is necessary for previous work that allows rise all required information, maximizing every encounter with the other party to perform. This meeting (also called call or contact) can be face to face, by phone, by mail or through third parties (recommendations), etc., depending on the level of importance and how busy the other party is. Discipline is important, and you should do the entire job (questions, review, research, contacts, etc.) and then follow the plan devised. In studying the human mind and its capacity to acquire knowledge, some scholars conclude that the stage that people learn most is during childhood. Coincidentally (or surprisingly) the method applied by children is the questions: Why? Why? and why ...? Is that they are seizing a large amount of information per minute, knowing the world, words, places, weather, people, animals, etc. ... If you want to know what is going through the mind of the other party ... Should not follow that method so successful? Finally, the experience will make the "negotiator" an actor ready to develop the role assigned to him: buyer, seller, father, husband, boyfriend, son, etc., because, as the saying goes, "practice makes teacher". As the negotiator is confronting bargaining situations, it learns to not feel fear, and recognize situations of anxiety, anguish, anger, disappointment, frustration or sorrow. As a professional tennis player, he is mastering the techniques of the game and start enjoying the games, it is no matter how difficult they may be. This study has presented the negotiation from its definition to case studies, explaining things that once read seems to be completely logical and obvious, but people are not aware of it in the ordinary act of their lives. Years help meet negotiation techniques, but there are many quality books that provide basic and advanced techniques that are helpful. In them, the authors examine each of the topics, so that the reader can have access to studies and findings. References in Chapter V of the main books are given. However, there is the risk that there are other books that do not add much and it happens to be a waste of time. To avoid such loss, the reader is recommended to request references to people who already have read those books before reading. Finally, the thesis is confirmed: Given the importance of negotiations in different areas of life, it is necessary that newly graduated engineers engaged in consultative sales work, learn and develop the skills in it.
Negotiation is a process that is present in almost every facet of life. In friendships, relationships, family, work, shopping; at school, college, etc ... It is defined as a process whereby two parties reach a mutually beneficial agreement. Based on this definition, you can understand how people constantly negotiate, although not aware of it. As this process involves people, consider the psychology and note that "common sense is not the most common of the senses". That is, in the development of the negotiations will greatly influence the mood of the other party. Also they affect expectations, involvement, pride, employment projections, the values and each of the factors that move the person. The basis of trading is understanding the needs of both the other party as their own, so as to assess the possibility of an agreement and the form it will take. To reach this understanding, questions are the main tool. How to get to understand the other part of comprehensive manner...? Asking! It is said that each party has a "concept" behind which walk, which is the idea you have in mind, and that is mental solution that has the sum of its needs. You must understand that working with thoughts is not easy for those involved in engineering. Teaching techniques related to the "scientific method" use a process that aims to standardize the phenomena to a series of steps and then drawing conclusions based on the information. This is a very useful tool because it allows for a method to deal with mathematical or physical "problems" (situations). However, it is limited because it makes assumptions that do not work very well when working with people. This way of thinking is called linear. This limitation has an explanation: "a math problem assumes that all other variables remain constant." This does not apply to people! As the training of engineers need to transfer a lot of knowledge, the scientific method is useful for that purpose, but not to deal with other types of "problems" that include people who have feelings, sufferings, moods, etc., variables that are far from "remain constant". This requires applying lateral thinking. Along with the concept, needs, questions and lateral thinking, negotiation requires preparation and discipline. Preparation is necessary for previous work that allows rise all required information, maximizing every encounter with the other party to perform. This meeting (also called call or contact) can be face to face, by phone, by mail or through third parties (recommendations), etc., depending on the level of importance and how busy the other party is. Discipline is important, and you should do the entire job (questions, review, research, contacts, etc.) and then follow the plan devised. In studying the human mind and its capacity to acquire knowledge, some scholars conclude that the stage that people learn most is during childhood. Coincidentally (or surprisingly) the method applied by children is the questions: Why? Why? and why ...? Is that they are seizing a large amount of information per minute, knowing the world, words, places, weather, people, animals, etc. ... If you want to know what is going through the mind of the other party ... Should not follow that method so successful? Finally, the experience will make the "negotiator" an actor ready to develop the role assigned to him: buyer, seller, father, husband, boyfriend, son, etc., because, as the saying goes, "practice makes teacher". As the negotiator is confronting bargaining situations, it learns to not feel fear, and recognize situations of anxiety, anguish, anger, disappointment, frustration or sorrow. As a professional tennis player, he is mastering the techniques of the game and start enjoying the games, it is no matter how difficult they may be. This study has presented the negotiation from its definition to case studies, explaining things that once read seems to be completely logical and obvious, but people are not aware of it in the ordinary act of their lives. Years help meet negotiation techniques, but there are many quality books that provide basic and advanced techniques that are helpful. In them, the authors examine each of the topics, so that the reader can have access to studies and findings. References in Chapter V of the main books are given. However, there is the risk that there are other books that do not add much and it happens to be a waste of time. To avoid such loss, the reader is recommended to request references to people who already have read those books before reading. Finally, the thesis is confirmed: Given the importance of negotiations in different areas of life, it is necessary that newly graduated engineers engaged in consultative sales work, learn and develop the skills in it.
Description
Keywords
Negociación, Técnicas de venta, Pensamientos lineales y laterales
