Thesis Propuesta de actualización al modelo de tarificación actual del derecho de embarque en Chile.
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Date
2018-05
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Program
Ingeniería en Aviación Comercial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
La tasa de embarque es cobrada a los pasajeros por el uso de las instalaciones, servicios y facilidades de los terminales aéreos en los aeropuertos y aeródromos de todo el mundo. Cada aeropuerto cobra un monto de acuerdo con las propias necesidades de cada terminal, y permite que el pasajero se embarque a la aeronave pasando desde el lado tierra (del inglés landside destinado al terminal de pasajeros, comercios, aduanas, servicios, estacionamientos) al lado aire (del inglés airside dedicado al movimiento de aeronaves, pistas, hangares, estacionamientos de aviones.)
La tasa de embarque, como carga económica al pasajero, está muy lejos de ser un impuesto, es decir no es un tributo que se paga al estado para que este solvente gastos públicos de cualquier índole, sino que es un derecho o tasa, es decir, según su definición: “pago que se exige por el uso o disfrute de determinado servicios públicos” en este caso el proceso de embarcar, por lo que tiene exclusiva relación entre el pasajero y todo lo necesario para que este pueda abordar un avión. Dicho lo anterior, se agrega que existen cinco (5) servicios relacionados con los pasajeros en Chile según las declaraciones anuales de la DGAC a través de los Balances de Gestión Integral los cuales son: AVSEC, SSEI, Servicios Aeroportuarios, Iniciativas de Inversión y Personal, que tienen relación directa con el pasajero durante el proceso de embarque. Servicios que usados y gozados por los pasajeros y el costo de estos deben ser lo reflejado en la tasa de embarque.
En cuanto a calcular el valor de los servicios usados por el pasajero, existen diferentes maneras de estructurar la tasa de embarque dependiendo de lo que incluya, por ejemplo, el transito es opcional, o la seguridad de circuito cerrado, la cual es cobrada aparte en algunos aeropuertos del mundo, sin embargo, todas convergen en entregar los servicios necesarios para asegurar que el proceso de embarque se lleva a cabo. Para ello existen gobiernos o entidades que determinan este valor y se encargan de que funcione. En cuanto a lo anterior existen modelos o estructuras que determinan los costos para cada aeropuerto en particular o para toda una red de aeropuertos. Esta memoria considera un modelo utilizado en el aeropuerto de Los Ángeles LAX, el cual mezcla ambas estructuras, cobrando los costos directos que considera necesario para realizar el embarque además de cobrar una parte para el gobierno para gastar en la industria aeronáutica como red.
El modelo fue obtenido tras extraer toda la información relacionada con los gastos de la DGAC declarada anualmente desde el año 2005- hasta el 2017 y proyectada hasta el año 2021. El resultado del modelo fue una tasa de embarque por aeropuerto mínima para que entregue los servicios, es decir al menos se debe cobrar $5.159 a cada pasajero para embarcarse y asegurar la efectividad de ello. La tasa actual es $7.539, es decir, un 46,13% más de lo calculado en la memoria. Además se propone agregar $1.032 para generar dinero para toda la red nacional, equivalente a un 20% de lo calculado, al igual que el modelo aplicado de Estados Unidos por la FAA. En la memoria también se incluyen otros escenarios y proyecciones que resultan en distintos valores para la tasa de embarque.
The boarding fee is charged to passengers for the use of facilities, services and facilities of air terminals at airports and aerodromes around the world. Each airport charges an amount according to the needs of each terminal, and allows the passenger to board the aircraft, passing by the land side, where passenger terminals, shops, customs, services and parking are to the airside where are the movement of aircraft, tracks, hangars and aircraft parking lots are. The boarding fee, as an economic charge to the passenger, is far from being a tax and it is not paid to the state to solvent public expenses of any kind, but rather a right or rate, that is, according to its definition: "A payment that is required for the use or enjoyment of public services" in this case, the process of boarding, so it has an exclusive relationship between the passenger and everything necessary to allow access to an airplane. Said that above, five (5) services related to passengers in Chile are added according to the annual declarations of the DGAC through the Balances of Integral Management of which are: AVSEC, SSEI, Airport Services, Investment Initiatives and Personnel, that have a direct relationship with the passenger during the boarding process. Services used and enjoyed by passengers and the cost of these must be reflected in the boarding fee. As for calculating the value of the services used for the passenger, there are different ways to structure the boarding fee depending on what, for example, transit is optional, or closed-circuit security, which is charged separately in some airports around the world, however, all converge in delivering the necessary services to ensure that the boarding process is carried out. In this case, the definition is determinant for this value and to make sure the process works. As for the above, there are models or structures that determine the costs for each airport or for a whole network of airports. This thesis considers a model used at the Los Angeles LAX airport, which mixes both structures, charging the direct costs that it considers necessary to make the boarding as well as charging a part of it for the government to spend on the aeronautical industry as a network. The model was obtained after extracting all the information related to the expenses of the DGAC declared annually from the year 2005- until 2017 and projected until the year 2021. The result of the model was a minimum boarding fee per airport to deliver the services, that is to say at least CLP$ 5,159 must be charged to each passenger to embark and ensure the effectiveness of it, also proposes adding CLP$1,032 to generate money for the entire national network. Other scenarios and projections are included in the application of the model.
The boarding fee is charged to passengers for the use of facilities, services and facilities of air terminals at airports and aerodromes around the world. Each airport charges an amount according to the needs of each terminal, and allows the passenger to board the aircraft, passing by the land side, where passenger terminals, shops, customs, services and parking are to the airside where are the movement of aircraft, tracks, hangars and aircraft parking lots are. The boarding fee, as an economic charge to the passenger, is far from being a tax and it is not paid to the state to solvent public expenses of any kind, but rather a right or rate, that is, according to its definition: "A payment that is required for the use or enjoyment of public services" in this case, the process of boarding, so it has an exclusive relationship between the passenger and everything necessary to allow access to an airplane. Said that above, five (5) services related to passengers in Chile are added according to the annual declarations of the DGAC through the Balances of Integral Management of which are: AVSEC, SSEI, Airport Services, Investment Initiatives and Personnel, that have a direct relationship with the passenger during the boarding process. Services used and enjoyed by passengers and the cost of these must be reflected in the boarding fee. As for calculating the value of the services used for the passenger, there are different ways to structure the boarding fee depending on what, for example, transit is optional, or closed-circuit security, which is charged separately in some airports around the world, however, all converge in delivering the necessary services to ensure that the boarding process is carried out. In this case, the definition is determinant for this value and to make sure the process works. As for the above, there are models or structures that determine the costs for each airport or for a whole network of airports. This thesis considers a model used at the Los Angeles LAX airport, which mixes both structures, charging the direct costs that it considers necessary to make the boarding as well as charging a part of it for the government to spend on the aeronautical industry as a network. The model was obtained after extracting all the information related to the expenses of the DGAC declared annually from the year 2005- until 2017 and projected until the year 2021. The result of the model was a minimum boarding fee per airport to deliver the services, that is to say at least CLP$ 5,159 must be charged to each passenger to embark and ensure the effectiveness of it, also proposes adding CLP$1,032 to generate money for the entire national network. Other scenarios and projections are included in the application of the model.
Description
Keywords
Tasas aeroportuaria, Derecho de embarque, Infraestructura aeroportuaria, Transporte aéreo, Industria aeronáutica