Thesis Análisis de la evolución microestructural y de propiedades mecánicas de uniones soldadas de acero inoxidable 304 utilizando soldadura fuerte por difusión
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Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Metalúrgica
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La soldadura fuerte por difusión representa una alternativa innovadora para la unión de metales iguales o disímiles a temperaturas relativamente bajas. En métodos tradicionales como la soldadura por fusión, la unión de metales con diferentes propiedades mecánicas y térmicas puede resultar contraproducente, pues la presencia post – soldadura de tensiones residuales debido a las diferencias en coeficientes de expansión térmica puede generar distorsiones internas, fisuras, etcétera. Por otro lado, la soldadura fuerte por difusión se basa no solo en la unión por capilaridad del metal de aporte en la superficie del metal base, sino también en la interdifusión de elementos entre estos. En el presente estudio, una aleación de la familia Ag – Cu – Zn (BAg – 1) fue utilizada como metal de aporte para unir dos placas de acero inoxidable 304, y el efecto del tiempo (30, 60 y 120 minutos) y temperatura (620°C, 660°C) en la evolución microestructural y de propiedades mecánicas de las uniones resultantes fueron investigados, por lo tanto, perfiles metalográficos, de dureza y ensayos de resistencia al corte fueron realizados. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la fase rica en Cu – Zn (Cuss) aumenta su tamaño conforme el tiempo de soldadura aumenta y que mientras hacia el centro de la unión se presentó gran presencia de esta solución sólida, hacia los extremos esta cambiaba por una mayor fracción de eutéctico. Además, la nucleación de Cuss se da únicamente hacia la cercanía con la interfase con el metal base y no hacia el centro de la capa intermedia. Esto ocurrió dada la interdifusión entre el metal base y metal de aporte, en donde la presencia de elementos como el Ni que difundió hacia el metal de aporte ve favorecida la nucleación de Cuss(...).
Diffusion Brazing represents an innovative alternative for joining similar or dissimilar metals at relatively low temperature. In traditional welding joining methods, joining metals with different mechanical and thermal properties can be detrimental, as the presence of residual stresses post-welding due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients can lead to internal distortions, cracks, and other defects. On the other hand, diffusion brazing relies not only on the capillary action of filler metal on the base metal surface but also on the interdiffusion of elements between them. In the present study, an Ag – Cu – Zn alloy (BAg – 1) was used as a filler metal to join 304 stainless steel plates, and the effect of time (30, 60 and 120 minutes) and temperature (620°C, 660°C) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the resulting joints was investigated. To achieve this, metallographic analysis, hardness profiling and shear strength test were conducted. The results showed that Cu – Zn-rich phase (Cuss) increased in size as the brazing time increased. While a significant presence of this solid solution was observed at the center of the joint, it transitioned towards a greater fraction of the ternary eutectic at the edges of the joint. Additionally, the nucleation of Cuss occurred only near the interface with the base metal and not towards the center of the interlayer. This was due to the interdiffusion between the base metal and the filler metal, where the presence of elements such as Ni, which diffused into the filler metal, promotes the nucleation of Cuss(...).
Diffusion Brazing represents an innovative alternative for joining similar or dissimilar metals at relatively low temperature. In traditional welding joining methods, joining metals with different mechanical and thermal properties can be detrimental, as the presence of residual stresses post-welding due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients can lead to internal distortions, cracks, and other defects. On the other hand, diffusion brazing relies not only on the capillary action of filler metal on the base metal surface but also on the interdiffusion of elements between them. In the present study, an Ag – Cu – Zn alloy (BAg – 1) was used as a filler metal to join 304 stainless steel plates, and the effect of time (30, 60 and 120 minutes) and temperature (620°C, 660°C) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the resulting joints was investigated. To achieve this, metallographic analysis, hardness profiling and shear strength test were conducted. The results showed that Cu – Zn-rich phase (Cuss) increased in size as the brazing time increased. While a significant presence of this solid solution was observed at the center of the joint, it transitioned towards a greater fraction of the ternary eutectic at the edges of the joint. Additionally, the nucleation of Cuss occurred only near the interface with the base metal and not towards the center of the interlayer. This was due to the interdiffusion between the base metal and the filler metal, where the presence of elements such as Ni, which diffused into the filler metal, promotes the nucleation of Cuss(...).
Description
Keywords
Soldadura Fuerte por Difusión, Solidificación, Interdifusión, physical metallurgy, Phase Diagram