Thesis Grafeno como electrodo transparente en celdas solares de silicio de heterojuntura
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Date
2021-08
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Program
Licenciado en Ciencias con Mención en Física
Departament
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La energía solar fotovoltaica es una de las energías renovables más populares dado su precio y su facilidad de instalación. Las celdas solares comerciales y con mayor proyección son las celdas de silicio, entre las cuales se destacan las celdas solares de heterojuntura (SHJ) por su mayor eficiencia, y menor costo de manufactura en comparación con las celdas de silicio tradicionales. Además, pueden fabricarse de manera que sean bifaciales, es decir, que la luz se absorba tanto por la cara frontal como por la cara posterior. Para la propagación de corriente, el conductor transparente más común en estas celdas es el óxido de indio y estaño (ITO). Este material es caro, está compuesto por elementos raros y es tóxico para las personas. Esto motivó a buscar otro conductor transparente que no sólo sea más amistoso para el medio ambiente y menos riesgoso para las personas, sino que reduzca los costos y mejore la eficiencia de la celda. El material elegido como potencial reemplazo es el grafeno. Desde su auge en 2004, el grafeno ha sido uno de los materiales más interesantes de estudiar dada sus propiedades ópticas y eléctricas únicas en su clase, con una velocidad de portadores de 15000 cm2/(Vs), una brecha de energía sintonizable, una transmitancia del 97.5% y una síntesis simple y de bajo costo. Estas propiedades lo hacen un candidato muy prometedor para su uso como electrodo propagador de corriente (CSE) en celdas de colorante. Estudios teóricos demuestran que el reemplazo del electrodo en celdas SHJ por grafeno no es sólo posible, sino que puede llegar a tener eficiencias mayores que con el ITO. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de grafeno como CSE en celdas de colorante, de silicio cristalino y heterojuntura. A partir de estos antecedentes se propone un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo es estudiar de forma experimental el efecto del grafeno no dopado, como reemplazo del ITO, en el transporte de corriente en celdas SHJ. Esto se realizará a través de un análisis estructural, óptico y eléctrico del grafeno y de la interfaz grafeno/celda. Estos resultados se compararán con las celdas con ITO como CSE. La hipótesis de esta propuesta es que la cantidad adecuada de capas de grafeno tiene propiedades comparables e incluso superiores a las del ITO en términos de movilidad de cargas, transparencia y resistencia de hoja. Por lo tanto, se propone reemplazar el semiconductor transparente más común en celdas solares de heterojuntura, ITO, por láminas de grafeno para mejorar la eficiencia y disminuir el costo de las celdas8...).
Photovoltaic solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energies given its price and ease of installation. The commercial solar cells with the greatest projection are silicon cells, among which the heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) stand out for their higher efficiency and lower manufacturing cost compared to traditional silicon cells. In addition, they can be manufactured in such a way that they are bifacial, that is, that the light is absorbed by both the front and rear sides. For current spreading, the most common transparent conductor in these cells is indium tin oxide (ITO). This material is expensive, made up of rare elements and toxic to people. This motivated the search for another transparent conductor that is not only better for the environment and for people, but also reduces costs and improves the efficiency of the cell. The material chosen as a potential replacement is graphene. Since it’s increase in popularity in 2004, graphene has been one of the most interesting materials to study given its one-of-a-kind electrical and optical properties, with a carrier velocity of 15000 cm2 /(Vs), a tuneable energy gap, a 97.5% transmittance and a simple and low-cost synthesis. These properties make it a very promising candidate for use as a current spreading electrode (CSE) in dye cells. Theoretical studies show that the replacement of the electrode in SHJ cells by graphene is not only possible but can also have higher efficiencies than with ITO. This work presents a bibliographic review of graphene as CSE in dye cells, crystalline silicon and heterojunction solar cells. Based on this background, a research project is proposed whose goal is to study the effect of undoped graphene, as ITO replacement, on the current transport in SHJ cells. This will be done through a structural, optical and electrical analysis of graphene and the graphene/cell interface. These results will be compared to cells with ITO as CSE. The hypothesis of this proposal is that the appropriate amount of graphene layers has properties comparable and even superior to those of ITO in terms of charge mobility, transparency and sheet resistance. Therefore, we propose to replace the most common transparent electrode in heterojunction solar cells, ITO, with graphene sheets to improve efficiency and lower the cost of the cells(...).
Photovoltaic solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energies given its price and ease of installation. The commercial solar cells with the greatest projection are silicon cells, among which the heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) stand out for their higher efficiency and lower manufacturing cost compared to traditional silicon cells. In addition, they can be manufactured in such a way that they are bifacial, that is, that the light is absorbed by both the front and rear sides. For current spreading, the most common transparent conductor in these cells is indium tin oxide (ITO). This material is expensive, made up of rare elements and toxic to people. This motivated the search for another transparent conductor that is not only better for the environment and for people, but also reduces costs and improves the efficiency of the cell. The material chosen as a potential replacement is graphene. Since it’s increase in popularity in 2004, graphene has been one of the most interesting materials to study given its one-of-a-kind electrical and optical properties, with a carrier velocity of 15000 cm2 /(Vs), a tuneable energy gap, a 97.5% transmittance and a simple and low-cost synthesis. These properties make it a very promising candidate for use as a current spreading electrode (CSE) in dye cells. Theoretical studies show that the replacement of the electrode in SHJ cells by graphene is not only possible but can also have higher efficiencies than with ITO. This work presents a bibliographic review of graphene as CSE in dye cells, crystalline silicon and heterojunction solar cells. Based on this background, a research project is proposed whose goal is to study the effect of undoped graphene, as ITO replacement, on the current transport in SHJ cells. This will be done through a structural, optical and electrical analysis of graphene and the graphene/cell interface. These results will be compared to cells with ITO as CSE. The hypothesis of this proposal is that the appropriate amount of graphene layers has properties comparable and even superior to those of ITO in terms of charge mobility, transparency and sheet resistance. Therefore, we propose to replace the most common transparent electrode in heterojunction solar cells, ITO, with graphene sheets to improve efficiency and lower the cost of the cells(...).
Description
Keywords
Energía solar fotovoltaica, Electrodo propagador de corriente, Caracterización de materiales, Eficiencia energética, Transmitancia
