Thesis Metagenómica como una herramienta par ala evaluación de la presencia de fagos en ambientes ricos en bacterias sulforreductoras y sus implicancias ecológicas
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Date
2018
Authors
Valencia Albornoz, Ricardo Gabriel
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Ambiental
Departament
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
En las últimas décadas, la metagenómica, el estudio de las secuencias de ADN ambiental, ha surgido como una alternativa para identificar la presencia de especies microbianas y comprender las interacciones entre éstas en comunidades complejas. En el desarrollo de esta técnica, las secuencias de ADN identificadas desde una muestra medioambiental pueden provenir de diferentes tipos de organismos, tales como eucariontes, procariontes y virus. La integración de la información obtenida en estos estudios permite generar una amplia gama de insumos con el fin de incrementar el conocimiento sobre las comunidades microbianas estudiadas que van desde la ponderación de abundancias relativas de especies microbianas, hasta la reconstrucción de novo de genomas de microorganismos no cultivables. Estudios basados en herramientas metagenómicas han reconocido que los virus son los organismos más abundantes y más diversos en el planeta. Su importancia no solo radica en su cantidad, sino también en que éstos son capaces de afectar de forma significativa procesos biogeoquímicos a escala global. En la actualidad, la comunidad científica ha puesto un particular énfasis en el rol ecológico de bacteriófagos o fagos, virus que afectan a bacterias, los cuales pueden modular la composición de las comunidades microbianas presentes en un determinado hábitat. Adicionalmente, los fagos forman un reservorio de nuevos genes, que pueden ayudar, tanto al fago como a su hospedero, a garantizar su permanencia y adaptación en el ambiente(...).
In the last decades, metagenomics, the study of environmental DNA sequences, has emerged as an alternative for the understanding of interaction in complex microbial communities. Sequences in a sample come from different types of organisms, like eukaryotes, prokaryotes and virus. It possible to extract a variety of information from a metagenomic sample. Examples are estimations of abundance relative to specie or genera, and de novo reconstruction of genomes belonging to uncultivable microorganisms. Through metagenomics, it has been recognized that viruses are the most abundant organisms on Earth. Its importance lies not only in quantity but also in the fact that they are capable of significantly affecting biogeochemical processes on a global scale. Currently, the scientific community has placed particular emphasis on the ecological role of bacteriophages or phages, viruses that affect bacteria, which can modulate the composition of microbial communities present in a given habitat. Additionally, the phages form a reservoir of new genes, which can help both the phage and its host to ensure its permanence and adaptation in the environment. The bacteriophages are grouped mainly in three families: Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podovodirae, all belonging to the order Caudavirales, corresponding to the viruses formed by a capsid, where the genetic material is found, and a tail made of proteins. The genetic composition of these viruses has been studied, revealing difficulties in linking taxonomic classification with special genomic characteristics. Because viruses don’t possess a set of marker genes which are conserved throughout evolution, viral metagenomics becomes an alternative to explore in depth the gene content of phages in diverse environments(...).
In the last decades, metagenomics, the study of environmental DNA sequences, has emerged as an alternative for the understanding of interaction in complex microbial communities. Sequences in a sample come from different types of organisms, like eukaryotes, prokaryotes and virus. It possible to extract a variety of information from a metagenomic sample. Examples are estimations of abundance relative to specie or genera, and de novo reconstruction of genomes belonging to uncultivable microorganisms. Through metagenomics, it has been recognized that viruses are the most abundant organisms on Earth. Its importance lies not only in quantity but also in the fact that they are capable of significantly affecting biogeochemical processes on a global scale. Currently, the scientific community has placed particular emphasis on the ecological role of bacteriophages or phages, viruses that affect bacteria, which can modulate the composition of microbial communities present in a given habitat. Additionally, the phages form a reservoir of new genes, which can help both the phage and its host to ensure its permanence and adaptation in the environment. The bacteriophages are grouped mainly in three families: Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podovodirae, all belonging to the order Caudavirales, corresponding to the viruses formed by a capsid, where the genetic material is found, and a tail made of proteins. The genetic composition of these viruses has been studied, revealing difficulties in linking taxonomic classification with special genomic characteristics. Because viruses don’t possess a set of marker genes which are conserved throughout evolution, viral metagenomics becomes an alternative to explore in depth the gene content of phages in diverse environments(...).
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
Bacteriófagos, ADN ambiental, Ecosistemas acuáticos, Comunidades microbianas
