Thesis Diseño de la estrategia y del modelo balanced scorecard para una empresa de inspección técnica de obras, caso integra proyectos.
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Date
2013-05
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Ingeniería Comercial
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Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
Hoy en día las empresas se encuentran bien encaminadas en la noción de que es necesario sustentar el proceder de la empresa con una estrategia bien elaborada. La estrategia, por su papel vital, es uno de los campos más prolíficos y estudiados de la gestión de empresas y es algo que dentro de este análisis particular tiene notoria importancia. Su complejidad e incertidumbre es fruto de la síntesis que realiza de los elementos de la empresa y del entorno. Despierta un gran interés porque marca el argumento del drama en el que se decide el destino de las empresas y del que resultan sus mayores aciertos y sus más denigrantes fracasos. La estrategia no es más que una decisión sobre las metas, objetivos y acciones de la organización para prosperar en su entorno. La toma de estas se produce tras un análisis del entorno de la organización, sus mercados y sus competidores. Debe ajustar los medios a los objetivos. Las acciones que prepara no consisten solamente en las tareas necesarias para conseguir de forma inmediata un determinado objetivo. También consisten en programas mediante los que se crean capacidades para mejorar la consecución de esos objetivos en el futuro. El plan estratégico sirve para comunicar dicha estrategia a otros niveles, ya sea a los estamentos superiores para su evaluación y aprobación o a los inferiores para su implementación. Esta investigación tiene por objeto plasmar una estrategia para la empresa Integra Proyectos Limitada, dedicada a la inspección técnica de obras en Chile, a través de un Balanced Scorecard en donde se alineen los objetivos estratégicos con las acciones, de modo que estos puedan ser monitoreados para ver la consecución de tales objetivos. Para lograr establecer una estrategia adecuada se hicieron análisis tanto del entorno, o análisis externo, y también de la empresa, o análisis interno. En primer lugar se realizó un análisis Porter en donde quedó evidenciado que los ámbitos donde hay que prestar mayor atención son la amenaza de productos sustitutos y también el poder de negociación que tienen los clientes en la industria de la inspección técnica de obras. Es fácil para los clientes integrarse hacia atrás y contratar sus propios profesionales para que supervisen cada ámbito del proyecto por lo que esto constituye la mayor amenaza dentro de la industria. En segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis PESTA, el cual tiene por objeto analizar variables externas a la empresa que podrían influir en su performance dentro de la industria. En el ámbito político, existen dos principales influencias para el entorno, una es la creación del Registro Nacional de ITOs y la otra corresponde a la aprobación del proyecto de ley que crea y regula los registros nacionales de ITOs y revisores de proyectos de cálculo estructural, estas medidas tienen por objetivo limpiar la industria de aquellos trabajadores que desempeñen sus funciones como inspectores sin las
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Departamento de IndustriasMemoria Planificación Estratégica5 certificaciones correspondientes por lo que es una medida que afecta positivamente a la empresa ya que cuenta con trabajadores certificados en esta materia y que se encuentran dentro de dicho registro. En el ámbito económico, existen cinco factores que afectan el entorno, el primero corresponde al buen momento por el que pasa la economía chilena, el segundo tiene que ver con el apogeo del sector de la construcción, el tercero corresponde al consumo que está en expansión, el cuarto se relaciona con la inversión que actualmente presenta un crecimiento sostenido por sobre el consumo, y finalmente el quinto tiene que ver con el IMCE (indicador de confianza empresarial) de la construcción que arroja valores con los que se puede concluir que el sector evidenciará una proliferación de nuevos proyectos. Todos estos factores parecen indicar que el año 2013 será excelente para la construcción y por añadidura para la industria de la inspección técnica de obras. En el ámbito social destacan seis factores predominantes, el primero corresponde a que la población chilena crece a tasa decreciente, el segundo corresponde a la urbanización de la población, el tercer factor es la disminución de la tasa de natalidad, el cuarto tiene relación con la disminución del número de personas por hogar, el quinto es la disminución en la proporción de las propiedades arrendadas y finalmente el sexto corresponde al aumento en la construcción industrial. En el ámbito tecnológico, los factores principales son cuatro, primero que Chile es el país con mayor desarrollo tecnológico en Latinoamérica, en segundo lugar que las tecnologías se utilizan como factor potenciador del desarrollo, el tercer factor se relaciona con la formación del material humano y finalmente, el cuarto factor es una tendencia que se está imponiendo actualmente en las empresas, el denominada cloud computing. En el ámbito ambiental destacan cuatro factores, en primer lugar las políticas energéticas, en segundo las nuevas estrategias sobre el desarrollo de fuentes de energía renovables, en tercer lugar la alta sensibilidad de la población respecto a los temas medioambientales y finalmente, en cuarto lugar, los clientes concientizados con el medio ambiente prefieren empresas con la misma visión. Luego se realizó un análisis FODA a partir del cual se obtuvieron las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas para realizar una matriz en donde se plasmaron las estrategias a seguir. Una de las estrategias con mayor relevancia tiene que ver con la contratación de personal capacitado para asumir responsabilidades de la administración, esto es muy importante porque actualmente la empresa depende absolutamente de la gestión de los tres socios administrativos por lo que se pierden oportunidades de desarrollo y crecimiento por no dar a basto. Otra estrategia relevante es la de contratar un servidor para poder acceder a un sistema cloud computing para respaldar todos los datos de la empresa y que los usuarios puedan tener acceso a ello desde cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento que lo requieran. Finalmente, otra estrategia importante se relaciona con aprovechar la expansión en la industria y poder acceder a licitaciones públicas y proyectos industriales y rurales.
Nowadays firms are on their way of the notion that it is necessary to support the actions of the company with a well developed strategy. The strategy, for their vital role, is one of the most prolific and studied subject in business management. Its complexity and uncertainty is the result of the synthesis of the elements and environment that surround a company. Attracting much interest because it marks the plot of the drama in which to decide the fate of the companies and also its greatest strengths and its most humiliating failures. The strategy is nothing more than a decision on the goals, objectives and actions of the organization to thrive in their environment. The taking of these came after an analysis of the environment of the organization, its markets and its competitors. The actions are not just to prepare the necessary tasks to get immediately a certain goal. They also consist of programs through which to develop capabilities to improve the achievement of these objectives in the future. The strategic plan serves to communicate the strategy to other levels, either at the upper echelons for evaluation and approval or lower for implementation. This research is intended to translate a strategy for Integra Proyectos Limitada, engaged in the technical inspection of projects in Chile, through a Balanced Scorecard where strategic objectives are aligned with actions, so that they can be monitored to see the achievement of these objectives. In order to establish an appropriate strategy both environmental analysis or external analysis, as well as the company, or internal analysis were done. First Porter analysis was performed, where it was demonstrated that the areas where to pay more attention to are the threat of substitute products and bargaining power of customers on technical inspection industry. It is easy for customers to integrate backwards and hire their own professionals to oversee each project area so this is the greatest threat in the industry. Second, PESTA analysis was performed, which is to analyze the company external variables that could influence their performance. In politics, there are two main influences of the environment, one is the creation of the National Register of ITOs (industry of technical inspection of projects) and the other corresponds to the adoption of the draft law establishing and regulating national records and reviewers ITOs structural design projects, these measures are intended to clean up the industry workers who perform their duties as inspectors without the appropriate certifications so it is a measure that positively affects the company as it has certified workers in this field and are within the register . In the economic sphere, there are five factors that affect, the first one is the good time that chilean economy is passing, the second has to do with the height of the construction sector, the third corresponds to consumption expanding, the fourth relates to investment which currently offers sustained growth over consumption, and finally the fifth has to do with the IMCE (business confidence indicator) of construction that yields values with which it can be concluded that the sector evidenced a proliferation of new projects. All these factors suggest 2013 will be an excellent year for construction industry therefore to the technical inspection of projects. In the social sphere are six predominant factors, the first is that the chilean population grows at a decreasing rate, the second corresponds to the urbanization of the population, the third factor is the decline in the birth rate, the fourth is related to the decrease in the number of people per household, the fifth is the decrease in the proportion of leased properties and finally the sixth corresponds to the increase in industrial construction. In technology, there are four main factors, first one, Chile is the most technologically advanced country in Latin America, second, technologies are used as a development enhancer factor, the third factor is related to the formation of human material and finally, the fourth factor, is a trend that is catching on in business today, the so-called cloud computing. In the environmental field include four factors, first energy policies, secondly the new strategies on the development of renewable energy sources, thirdly the high sensitivity of the people about environmental issues and finally, fourth, customers sensitized to the environment prefer companies with the same vision. Then SWOT analysis was performed from which were obtained the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for an array where strategies were shaped to follow. One of the most important strategies is related to the hiring of qualified personnel to assume management responsibilities, this is very important because the company now depends entirely on the management of the three managing partners so lost development opportunities and growth not cope. Another important strategy is to hire a server for access to a cloud computing system to support all enterprise data and enable users to access it from anywhere. Another important strategy is related to leverage industry expansion and have access to public tenders and industrial and rural projects. We also performed an internal analysis of the company from 7´s Model of McKinsey, where it was highlighted the fact that the company owns a high quality service delivery of technical inspection of projects, costs associated with compliance and deadlines, performance monitoring and resolution of nonconformities. Finally, from the data obtained previously proceeded to shape the Balanced Scorecard for Integra Proyectos Limitada, which emphasizes the use of a financial perspective, customer, learning and growth and internal perspective. Fifteen strategic objectives were obtained and thirty-two indicators for monitoring. Then, raised strategic initiatives to achieve the objectives.
Nowadays firms are on their way of the notion that it is necessary to support the actions of the company with a well developed strategy. The strategy, for their vital role, is one of the most prolific and studied subject in business management. Its complexity and uncertainty is the result of the synthesis of the elements and environment that surround a company. Attracting much interest because it marks the plot of the drama in which to decide the fate of the companies and also its greatest strengths and its most humiliating failures. The strategy is nothing more than a decision on the goals, objectives and actions of the organization to thrive in their environment. The taking of these came after an analysis of the environment of the organization, its markets and its competitors. The actions are not just to prepare the necessary tasks to get immediately a certain goal. They also consist of programs through which to develop capabilities to improve the achievement of these objectives in the future. The strategic plan serves to communicate the strategy to other levels, either at the upper echelons for evaluation and approval or lower for implementation. This research is intended to translate a strategy for Integra Proyectos Limitada, engaged in the technical inspection of projects in Chile, through a Balanced Scorecard where strategic objectives are aligned with actions, so that they can be monitored to see the achievement of these objectives. In order to establish an appropriate strategy both environmental analysis or external analysis, as well as the company, or internal analysis were done. First Porter analysis was performed, where it was demonstrated that the areas where to pay more attention to are the threat of substitute products and bargaining power of customers on technical inspection industry. It is easy for customers to integrate backwards and hire their own professionals to oversee each project area so this is the greatest threat in the industry. Second, PESTA analysis was performed, which is to analyze the company external variables that could influence their performance. In politics, there are two main influences of the environment, one is the creation of the National Register of ITOs (industry of technical inspection of projects) and the other corresponds to the adoption of the draft law establishing and regulating national records and reviewers ITOs structural design projects, these measures are intended to clean up the industry workers who perform their duties as inspectors without the appropriate certifications so it is a measure that positively affects the company as it has certified workers in this field and are within the register . In the economic sphere, there are five factors that affect, the first one is the good time that chilean economy is passing, the second has to do with the height of the construction sector, the third corresponds to consumption expanding, the fourth relates to investment which currently offers sustained growth over consumption, and finally the fifth has to do with the IMCE (business confidence indicator) of construction that yields values with which it can be concluded that the sector evidenced a proliferation of new projects. All these factors suggest 2013 will be an excellent year for construction industry therefore to the technical inspection of projects. In the social sphere are six predominant factors, the first is that the chilean population grows at a decreasing rate, the second corresponds to the urbanization of the population, the third factor is the decline in the birth rate, the fourth is related to the decrease in the number of people per household, the fifth is the decrease in the proportion of leased properties and finally the sixth corresponds to the increase in industrial construction. In technology, there are four main factors, first one, Chile is the most technologically advanced country in Latin America, second, technologies are used as a development enhancer factor, the third factor is related to the formation of human material and finally, the fourth factor, is a trend that is catching on in business today, the so-called cloud computing. In the environmental field include four factors, first energy policies, secondly the new strategies on the development of renewable energy sources, thirdly the high sensitivity of the people about environmental issues and finally, fourth, customers sensitized to the environment prefer companies with the same vision. Then SWOT analysis was performed from which were obtained the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for an array where strategies were shaped to follow. One of the most important strategies is related to the hiring of qualified personnel to assume management responsibilities, this is very important because the company now depends entirely on the management of the three managing partners so lost development opportunities and growth not cope. Another important strategy is to hire a server for access to a cloud computing system to support all enterprise data and enable users to access it from anywhere. Another important strategy is related to leverage industry expansion and have access to public tenders and industrial and rural projects. We also performed an internal analysis of the company from 7´s Model of McKinsey, where it was highlighted the fact that the company owns a high quality service delivery of technical inspection of projects, costs associated with compliance and deadlines, performance monitoring and resolution of nonconformities. Finally, from the data obtained previously proceeded to shape the Balanced Scorecard for Integra Proyectos Limitada, which emphasizes the use of a financial perspective, customer, learning and growth and internal perspective. Fifteen strategic objectives were obtained and thirty-two indicators for monitoring. Then, raised strategic initiatives to achieve the objectives.
Description
Keywords
Planificación estratégica, Construcción - inspección, Cuadro de mando integral, Integra Proyecto Ltda.
