Publication: EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE PROYECTOS DE METANIZACIÓN DE BIOGÁS PRODUCIDO A PARTIR DE DESECHOS ORGÁNICOS
Date
2019-07
Authors
SÁNCHEZ JARAMILLO, MARIO
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Abstract
La generación de biogás a partir de desechos orgánicos posee un doble beneficio, por un lado,
permite obtener una fuente energética y por otro, ayuda a reducir las emisiones de gases a
efecto invernadero.
En Chile se han contabilizado 104 plantas de biogás [1] de las cuales solo un 60% está
operativa. Se considera que el potencial técnico de biogás en Chile es de 9.750 GWh/año [2].
Por otra parte, las fuentes para generar biogás, es decir, los sustratos, son variados y dispersos,
muchos de ellos terminan en vertederos y rellenos sanitarios.
En este contexto, se observa que en la Región Metropolitana existen aproximadamente 67
vertederos ilegales de residuos sólidos (VIRS) [3]. Estos VIRS generan problemas sanitarios y
ambientales sobre el entorno. Los desechos alimentarios en descomposición pueden producir
metano equivalente a 1899 kgCO2 por tonelada[4].
Los tipos de sustratos generan diferentes cantidades de metano y requieren distintos tipos de
procesos para extraer su máximo potencial. Existen variadas tecnologías de metanización
adaptadas a los recursos y cantidades de materia seca en los sustratos.
En un proyecto de generación de biogás, se puede comercializar el biogás o su valorización
energética en electricidad y calor, además se pueden obtener recursos de la venta del fertilizante
o digestato residual e inclusive de la venta de créditos de carbono.
Como aplicación de este trabajo de investigación, se calcula que en el Mercado Lo Valledor es
posible generar una capacidad de 0,84MW eléctricos y 0,86MW térmicos con una fuente de
desechos orgánicos de 1500 toneladas por mes.
The generation of biogas from organic waste has a double benefit, on the one hand, it allows obtaining an energy source and on the other, it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In Chile, 104 biogas plants [1] have been registered, of which only 60% are operational. The biogas technical potential in Chile is 9,750 GWh / year [2]. The sources to generate biogas, i.e., the substrates, are varied and dispersed, many of them end up in illegal or sanitary landfills. In this context, it is observed that in the Metropolitan Region of Chile there are approximately 67 illegal solid waste landfills (VIRS) [3]. These VIRS generate health and environmental problems on the environment. Decomposing food waste stored in landfills or illegal dumps can produce methane equivalent to 1899 kgCO2 [4]. The types of substrates generate different amounts of methane and require different types of processes to extract their maximum potential. There are various methanization technologies adapted to the resources and amounts of dry matter in the substrates. In a biogas generation project, it is possible to market biogas or its energy recovery in electricity and heat, in addition, it is also possible to obtain resources from fertilizer’s sales or residual digestate and even from trading carbon credits. As an application of this research work, it is estimated that at Mercado Lo Valledor it is possible to generate a capacity of 0.84MW electric and 0.86MW thermal with a source of organic waste of 1500 tons per month.
The generation of biogas from organic waste has a double benefit, on the one hand, it allows obtaining an energy source and on the other, it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In Chile, 104 biogas plants [1] have been registered, of which only 60% are operational. The biogas technical potential in Chile is 9,750 GWh / year [2]. The sources to generate biogas, i.e., the substrates, are varied and dispersed, many of them end up in illegal or sanitary landfills. In this context, it is observed that in the Metropolitan Region of Chile there are approximately 67 illegal solid waste landfills (VIRS) [3]. These VIRS generate health and environmental problems on the environment. Decomposing food waste stored in landfills or illegal dumps can produce methane equivalent to 1899 kgCO2 [4]. The types of substrates generate different amounts of methane and require different types of processes to extract their maximum potential. There are various methanization technologies adapted to the resources and amounts of dry matter in the substrates. In a biogas generation project, it is possible to market biogas or its energy recovery in electricity and heat, in addition, it is also possible to obtain resources from fertilizer’s sales or residual digestate and even from trading carbon credits. As an application of this research work, it is estimated that at Mercado Lo Valledor it is possible to generate a capacity of 0.84MW electric and 0.86MW thermal with a source of organic waste of 1500 tons per month.
Description
Keywords
BIOGAS , METANIZACIÓN , DESECHOS ORGÁNICOS