Publication: DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DE ÁREAS VERDES EN SECTORES URBANOS
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Date
2018
Authors
VERA JARA, SCARLIN FERNANDA
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Abstract
Las ciudades se caracterizan por tener alta densidad poblacional, su origen en Chile y latinoaméricaradica principalmente en la industrialización por lo que no hubo espacio a la planificación y crecieronexplosivamente, esto provocó que los espacios verdes quedaran confinados fuera de la ciudad. Actualmentelas áreas verdes han tomado importancia en la sociedad a tal punto de considerarse como esenciales porla OMS para que las personas puedan satisfacer parte de sus necesidades psicosociales y emocionales. Elmínimo recomendado por la OMS es de 9[m2=hab] para poder procesar la contaminación de una persona ysuplir las necesidades de esparcimiento que esta pueda tener.Entre los beneficios que entregan las áreas verdes se encuentra el control de la calidad del aire a travésde la captura del carbono y la detención del material particulado, la regulación de la temperatura, el controlde la contaminación acústica, ayudan a evitar inundaciones, disminuyen la erosión y la destrucción de labiodiversidad, promueven mayor identificación de los habitantes con la localidad, aumentan la plusvalía delas casas, disminuyen la delincuencia, aumentan las actividades sociales de la población, disminuyen el estrés,etc.La situación actual en Chile es preocupante, en promedio solo cuenta 4,3 [m2=hab] de áreas verdes yhay lugares donde ni siquiera llega a 1 [m2=hab]. En la región metropolitana, donde se concentra el 48% dela población chilena según el censo del 2017, solo hay en promedio 3,4 [m2=hab]. Otro de los problemas esque las áreas verdes actualmente funcionan como indicador de desigualdad social, las comunas con mayoresingresos son las que tienen mas áreas verdes y de mejor calidad, mientras que las con menores ingresos notienen acceso a los beneficios de estos espacios de esparcimiento.Hay dos problemas con las áreas verdes en la RM; El primero es la escasez, principalmente en lascomunas de menores ingresos, el segundo es su elevado costo de mantención. Para solucionar el elevado costode mantención, se necesitan mayor cantidad de datos respecto de como funciona actualmente la mantención delas áreas verdes, por lo que se propone un sistema donde los jardineros estén obligados a ingresar informaciónde entrada y salida que se almacenará en la nube y permitiría, en un futuro, hacer mayores análisis respecto aesta problemática y eventualmente resolverla. Para abordar el problema de la escasez se propone un modelodonde las áreas verdes sean parte de los hogares de una comuna promedio puesto que en esta investigaciónse concluyó que actualmente no existen suficientes espacios con las condiciones legales y físicas para lainstalación de nuevas áreas verdes en espacios públicos. La propuesta considera la instalación de jardines entodas las aceras de una comuna, que sean regadas con las aguas grises de cada casa, estas aguas serán filtradaspor una maceta con biofiltros instalada de manera que el riego se haga automáticamente por gravedad. Elconjunto de estos jardines proporcionará un espacio muy similar a un área verde pero estando incierto en elespacio público/personal de cada vivienda.La implementación de esta propuesta trae costos asociados por conceptos de almacenamiento dedatos de mantención de las áreas verdes actuales, educación de la ciudadanía, instalación del jardín en lasaceras, instalación de la maceta filtro que permitirá el regadío con aguas grises y campañas informativas. Losbeneficios en primera instancia solo están asociados a conceptos de ahorro de agua por el riego del jardín y enuna segunda instancia (entre 7 y 10 años mas tarde) por el aumento de la plusvalía de las casas, la disminuciónde contaminación ambiental, la disminución del estrés y la regulación domiciliaria de la temperatura lo quese traduce en una menor inversión en calefacción.Al hacer la evaluación económica correspondiente, se determinó que para el escenario mas probable,hay un VANS de $120.646.601.866, una TIRS de 49 %, un IVAN de 26,61, un VAUE de $8.764.844.301,una Razón Costo-Beneficio de 2.035,99 y un Payback de 6,07 años. Con estos indicadores se determina,inicialmente, que la propuesta es rentable, donde la variable con más influencia en el VANS del proyecto esel aumento de la plusvalía de las casas, disminuyéndolo en un 74% en caso de eliminarla. A continuaciónla sigue la variable reciclaje de aguas grises con un 17,24% de disminución en caso de su eliminación.El periodo de recuperación de la inversión ocurre antes que se consideren los beneficios por conceptos deaumento de la plusvalía de las casa, esto sugiere que la variable determinante en el proyecto sería el reciclajede aguas grises. Dado que es un proyecto social, se analiza la propuesta solo con los beneficios percibidos por el Estado,es decir, sin considerar los beneficios por el aumento de la plusvalía de las casas ni el ahorro por calefacción.Para este escenario, el VANS, el IVAN y el VAUE disminuyeron en un 85 %, la Razón Costo-Beneficio bajóun 76% y la TIRS un 42 %. Debido a que las 2 variables extraídas comienzan a entregar beneficios despuésde los 7 años, el Payback no cambió. Los valores para los indicadores en esta situación, a pesar de la bruscadisminución que sufrieron, siguen indicando que la propuesta es rentable con un VANS de $18.109.857.191,una TIRS de un 28 %, un IVAN de 3,99, un VAUE de $1.315.661.412, una Razón Costo-Beneficio de 479,80y un Payback de 6,07 años.Dentro de las variables con mas influencia que quedaron después de sacar los beneficios particulares,están la disminución del estrés y el ahorro por reciclaje de aguas grises. El beneficio de la variable disminuciónde estrés, se calculó en base a conjeturas, por eso se sensibiliza y de este modo se conoce que tanta influenciatiene en la evaluación económica. El resultado es que es una variable influyente pero no determinante, adiferencia del ahorro por riego con aguas grises que según la sensibilización que se le aplicó, corresponderíaa la variable que determina la rentabilidad del proyecto.En linea con las nuevas políticas que se están desarrollando en el país y con las nuevas medidas queestá tomando el ministerio del medio ambiente, los municipios y otras instituciones respecto de las áreasverdes en sectores urbanos, se sugiere que este proyecto entrega, en parte, solución a los problemas de escasezde áreas vedes en la región metropolitana, ciñéndose a las condiciones actuales de espacio que esta posee,además permite, en el futuro, hacer un análisis sobre la mantención de áreas verdes públicas para hacer unamejora en la eficiencia de costos de mantención. Por otra parte, la propuesta es social y económicamenterentable lo que indica que traería beneficios tanto para los usuarios como para el Estado, esto sin considerartodos los beneficios que traen las áreas verdes que no se han podido cuantificar.
Cities are characterized by having a high population density, it’s origin in Chile and Latin Americalies mainly on the industrialization so there wasn’t much space for planning and they grew explosively, thiscaused the green areas to be confined outside of the city. Today, green areas have taken an importance onsociety in a point that they have become essential by OMS so that people can satisfy their emotional andpsychosocial needs. The minimum recommended by the OMS is 9 [m2=habitant] to be able to process thecontamination of a person and supply the recreational needs that they could have.Between the benefits of having green areas are the air quality control through the capture of carbonand the detention of particulate material, the regulation of temperature, acoustic contamination control,flood avoidance, decrease of erosion and the biodiversity destruction, promotes a higher identification ofthe habitants with their locality, increase of home capital gain, decrease of delinquency, increase of socialactivities, decrease of stress, etc.Chile’s current situation is disturbing, in average it has 4,3 [m2=habitant] of green areas and thereare places where it doesn’t even come to 1 [m2=habitant]. On the Metropolitan region, where according tothe 2017 census the 48% of Chilean population is concentrated, there are only 3,4 [m2=habitant] in average.Other problem is that the green areas are currently working as a social inequality indicator; the communitieswith higher incomes are the ones with more green areas and of better quality, whereas the ones with lowerincomes do not have access to the benefits of these recreational spaces.There are two problems with green areas on the RM, the first one is the shortage, mainly on thelower income communities, the second is the elevated cost of maintenance. To solve the elevated cost ofmaintenance, a greater amount of data is needed about how the maintenance of green areas currently works,so a system is proposed where the gardeners are in an obligation to enter input and output information thatwill be stored on the cloud and will allow in the future to do better analysis of this problematic and eventuallysolve it. To approach the problem of shortage a model is proposed where the green areas are part of the homesof an average community given that in this investigation the conclusion is that currently there are insucientspaced with the legal and physical conditions for the installation of new green areas on public spaces. Theproposal considers the installation of gardens in all the sidewalks of the commune, which will be wateredwith the grey waters of every house, these waters will be filtered through a pot with biofilters installed in away that the irrigation is done automatically by gravity. The set of these gardens will provide a space verysimilar to a green area but being inserted on the public/personal space of every living space.The implementation of this proposal has associated costs of data storage of the maintenance of thecurrent green areas, citizenship education, installation of gardens on sidewalks, installation of pots with filtersthat will allow the irrigation with grey waters and informative campaigns. The benefits in first instance are onlyassociated with the concept of water savings through the watering of gardens and in second instance (between7 and 10 years later) through the increase of housing capital gain, decrease of environmental contamination,decrease of stress and home regulation of temperature which is translated as a lower inversion in heating.When doing the respective economical evaluation, it is determined that for the most likely scenario, there isa NPV of $120.646.601.866, a IRR of 49 %, PI of 26,61; a VAUE of $8.764.844.301, a Cost-Benefit ratioof 2.035,99 and a Payback of 6,07 years. Initially these indicators determine that the proposal is profitable,where the variable with more influence in the VPN of the project is the increase of capital gain of the homes,decreasing it in a 74% in case of eliminating it. Then the next variable of grey water recycling with a 17,24%of decrease in case of elimination. The period of investment recovery happens before we consider the benefitsof increase in home capital gain; this suggests that the determinant variable in the project will be the recyclingof grey waters. Given that it’s a social project, the proposal is analyzed only with the benefits perceived by the state,that is to say, without considering the benefits of the increase in neither home capital gain nor heating savings.For this scenario, the VPN, PI and VAUE decreased in a 85 %, the cost-benefit ratio decreased a 76% and theIRR a 42 %. Given that the two extracted variables start to give benefits after 7 years, the payback did notchange. The values for the indicators in this situation, despite of the abrupt decrease they experienced theystill indicate that the proposal is profitable with a VPN of $18.109.857.191, a IRR of 28 %, a PI of 3,99; aVAUE of $1.315.661.412, a Cost-Benefit ratio of 479,80 and a Payback of 6,07 years.Within the variables with more influence that stayed after taking o the private benefits, are thedecrease of stress and the savings through the recycling of grey waters. The benefit of the stress decreasevariable was calculated based on conjectures, that is why it is sensitized and that way you can know howmuch influence it has on the economical evaluation. The result is that it is an influent variable but not adeterminant one, unlike the savings by grey waters irrigation that according to the sensitization applied itwould correspond to a variable that determines the profitability of the project.In line with the new politics that are being developed on the country and with the new measures thatthe environmental ministry, the municipalities and other institutions are taking regarding the green areas onurban sectors, it is suggested that this project gives, in part, a solution to the green area shortage problemof the Metropolitan Region, adhering to the current conditions of space, besides it allows in the future tomake an analysis about the maintenance of public green areas to improve the eciency of maintenance costs.Moreover, the proposal is economically and socially profitable, which indicates that it will bring benefits tothe users and the State, this without considering the benefits that are not quantifiable for green areas.
Cities are characterized by having a high population density, it’s origin in Chile and Latin Americalies mainly on the industrialization so there wasn’t much space for planning and they grew explosively, thiscaused the green areas to be confined outside of the city. Today, green areas have taken an importance onsociety in a point that they have become essential by OMS so that people can satisfy their emotional andpsychosocial needs. The minimum recommended by the OMS is 9 [m2=habitant] to be able to process thecontamination of a person and supply the recreational needs that they could have.Between the benefits of having green areas are the air quality control through the capture of carbonand the detention of particulate material, the regulation of temperature, acoustic contamination control,flood avoidance, decrease of erosion and the biodiversity destruction, promotes a higher identification ofthe habitants with their locality, increase of home capital gain, decrease of delinquency, increase of socialactivities, decrease of stress, etc.Chile’s current situation is disturbing, in average it has 4,3 [m2=habitant] of green areas and thereare places where it doesn’t even come to 1 [m2=habitant]. On the Metropolitan region, where according tothe 2017 census the 48% of Chilean population is concentrated, there are only 3,4 [m2=habitant] in average.Other problem is that the green areas are currently working as a social inequality indicator; the communitieswith higher incomes are the ones with more green areas and of better quality, whereas the ones with lowerincomes do not have access to the benefits of these recreational spaces.There are two problems with green areas on the RM, the first one is the shortage, mainly on thelower income communities, the second is the elevated cost of maintenance. To solve the elevated cost ofmaintenance, a greater amount of data is needed about how the maintenance of green areas currently works,so a system is proposed where the gardeners are in an obligation to enter input and output information thatwill be stored on the cloud and will allow in the future to do better analysis of this problematic and eventuallysolve it. To approach the problem of shortage a model is proposed where the green areas are part of the homesof an average community given that in this investigation the conclusion is that currently there are insucientspaced with the legal and physical conditions for the installation of new green areas on public spaces. Theproposal considers the installation of gardens in all the sidewalks of the commune, which will be wateredwith the grey waters of every house, these waters will be filtered through a pot with biofilters installed in away that the irrigation is done automatically by gravity. The set of these gardens will provide a space verysimilar to a green area but being inserted on the public/personal space of every living space.The implementation of this proposal has associated costs of data storage of the maintenance of thecurrent green areas, citizenship education, installation of gardens on sidewalks, installation of pots with filtersthat will allow the irrigation with grey waters and informative campaigns. The benefits in first instance are onlyassociated with the concept of water savings through the watering of gardens and in second instance (between7 and 10 years later) through the increase of housing capital gain, decrease of environmental contamination,decrease of stress and home regulation of temperature which is translated as a lower inversion in heating.When doing the respective economical evaluation, it is determined that for the most likely scenario, there isa NPV of $120.646.601.866, a IRR of 49 %, PI of 26,61; a VAUE of $8.764.844.301, a Cost-Benefit ratioof 2.035,99 and a Payback of 6,07 years. Initially these indicators determine that the proposal is profitable,where the variable with more influence in the VPN of the project is the increase of capital gain of the homes,decreasing it in a 74% in case of eliminating it. Then the next variable of grey water recycling with a 17,24%of decrease in case of elimination. The period of investment recovery happens before we consider the benefitsof increase in home capital gain; this suggests that the determinant variable in the project will be the recyclingof grey waters. Given that it’s a social project, the proposal is analyzed only with the benefits perceived by the state,that is to say, without considering the benefits of the increase in neither home capital gain nor heating savings.For this scenario, the VPN, PI and VAUE decreased in a 85 %, the cost-benefit ratio decreased a 76% and theIRR a 42 %. Given that the two extracted variables start to give benefits after 7 years, the payback did notchange. The values for the indicators in this situation, despite of the abrupt decrease they experienced theystill indicate that the proposal is profitable with a VPN of $18.109.857.191, a IRR of 28 %, a PI of 3,99; aVAUE of $1.315.661.412, a Cost-Benefit ratio of 479,80 and a Payback of 6,07 years.Within the variables with more influence that stayed after taking o the private benefits, are thedecrease of stress and the savings through the recycling of grey waters. The benefit of the stress decreasevariable was calculated based on conjectures, that is why it is sensitized and that way you can know howmuch influence it has on the economical evaluation. The result is that it is an influent variable but not adeterminant one, unlike the savings by grey waters irrigation that according to the sensitization applied itwould correspond to a variable that determines the profitability of the project.In line with the new politics that are being developed on the country and with the new measures thatthe environmental ministry, the municipalities and other institutions are taking regarding the green areas onurban sectors, it is suggested that this project gives, in part, a solution to the green area shortage problemof the Metropolitan Region, adhering to the current conditions of space, besides it allows in the future tomake an analysis about the maintenance of public green areas to improve the eciency of maintenance costs.Moreover, the proposal is economically and socially profitable, which indicates that it will bring benefits tothe users and the State, this without considering the benefits that are not quantifiable for green areas.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
AREAS VERDES EN LA RM , COSTO DE MANTENCION , EVALUACION ECONOMICA , MODELO DE MANTENCION DE AREAS VERDES