Thesis Evaluación de la contaminación por microplásticos en la laguna de Cahuil y estudio exploratorio en la desembocadura del río Maipo
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Date
2026-01-20
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Química
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
El aporte sostenido de residuos plásticos a los cuerpos de agua ha generado la acumulación de microplásticos (MP), partículas menores a 5 mm originadas por la degradación de plásticos de mayor tamaño. Pese a su creciente estudio a nivel mundial, la información sobre su presencia, distribución y dinámica en ecosistemas acuáticos en Chile sigue siendo limitada. En este contexto, la presente investigación evaluó la presencia y distribución de MP en sistemas estuarino–lagunares de la zona central de Chile mediante un diseño en dos fases complementarias. En una primera etapa, se desarrolló una campaña exploratoria en la desembocadura del río Maipo para confirmar su presencia y validar la metodología de muestreo y procesamiento. Posteriormente, esta fue aplicada en la laguna costera de Cahuil, un sistema que alterna entre condiciones estuarinas y lagunares según la apertura y cierre de la barra litoral, permitiendo analizar la influencia de dicha transición hidrodinámica sobre la distribución de MP en la columna de agua. El muestreo se realizó con botella Niskin a profundidades relativas del 25 % y 75 % de la columna de agua. La etapa exploratoria se desarrolló con volúmenes reducidos, mientras que en Cahuil se implementó una estrategia de mayor escala. El material recolectado fue procesado mediante digestión química, separación por densidad y análisis microscópico, con controles de calidad que sustentaron la exclusión de fibras del análisis cuantitativo. En la desembocadura del río Maipo se identificaron 4 MP, correspondientes a una abundancia media preliminar de 444,4±192,5 items⁄m^3 . En la laguna de Cahuil se identificaron 103 MP, con una abundancia media de 215,7±44,2 items⁄m^3 , observándose variaciones asociadas a la profundidad y a la condición hidrodinámica. Bajo condición lagunar, las mayores abundancias se registraron en(...).
The sustained contribution of plastic waste to water bodies has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MP), particles smaller than 5 mm originating from the degradation of larger plastics. Despite growing global research, information on their presence, distribution, and dynamics in aquatic ecosystems in Chile remains limited. In this context, the present research evaluated the presence and distribution of MP in estuarine-lagoon systems in central Chile using a two-phase complementary design. In the first stage, an exploratory campaign was carried out at the mouth of the Maipo River to confirm their presence and validate the sampling and processing methodology. Subsequently, this was applied in the coastal lagoon of Cahuil, a system that alternates between estuarine and lagoon conditions depending on the opening and closing of the coastal bar, allowing the influence of this hydrodynamic transition on the distribution of MP in the water column to be analyzed. Sampling was carried out with a Niskin bottle at relative depths of 25% and 75% of the water column. The exploratory stage was carried out with reduced volumes, while a larger-scale strategy was implemented in Cahuil. The collected material was processed by chemical digestion, density separation, and microscopic analysis, with quality controls that supported the exclusion of fibers from the quantitative analysis. At the mouth of the Maipo River, 4 MP were identified, corresponding to a preliminary average abundance of 444,4±192,5 items⁄m^3 . In the Cahuil lagoon, 103 MP were identified, with an average abundance of 215,7±44,2 items⁄m^3 , with variations associated with depth and hydrodynamic conditions. Under lagoon conditions, the highest abundances were recorded in (...).
The sustained contribution of plastic waste to water bodies has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MP), particles smaller than 5 mm originating from the degradation of larger plastics. Despite growing global research, information on their presence, distribution, and dynamics in aquatic ecosystems in Chile remains limited. In this context, the present research evaluated the presence and distribution of MP in estuarine-lagoon systems in central Chile using a two-phase complementary design. In the first stage, an exploratory campaign was carried out at the mouth of the Maipo River to confirm their presence and validate the sampling and processing methodology. Subsequently, this was applied in the coastal lagoon of Cahuil, a system that alternates between estuarine and lagoon conditions depending on the opening and closing of the coastal bar, allowing the influence of this hydrodynamic transition on the distribution of MP in the water column to be analyzed. Sampling was carried out with a Niskin bottle at relative depths of 25% and 75% of the water column. The exploratory stage was carried out with reduced volumes, while a larger-scale strategy was implemented in Cahuil. The collected material was processed by chemical digestion, density separation, and microscopic analysis, with quality controls that supported the exclusion of fibers from the quantitative analysis. At the mouth of the Maipo River, 4 MP were identified, corresponding to a preliminary average abundance of 444,4±192,5 items⁄m^3 . In the Cahuil lagoon, 103 MP were identified, with an average abundance of 215,7±44,2 items⁄m^3 , with variations associated with depth and hydrodynamic conditions. Under lagoon conditions, the highest abundances were recorded in (...).
Description
Keywords
Microplásticos, Contaminación, Hidrodinámica, Ecosistemas acuáticos
