Thesis Diseño semiautomático de rampas en minería a cielo abierto considerando switchback
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Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Program
Ingeniería Civil de Minas
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
Actualmente, el diseño de fases en minería a cielo abierto es un proceso iterativo que requiere de bastante tiempo, dado que es necesario probar diversos escenarios de aciertos y errores hasta alcanzar un diseño que cumpla con las múltiples restricciones operativas, el resultado depende en gran medida de la experiencia del planificador. Por lo tanto, el valor económico final está fuertemente influenciado por su criterio y el tiempo disponible para evaluar los diferentes escenarios en cuestión.
Con el fin de mejorar esta metodología investigadores han desarrollado una metodología que permite asistir el diseño de las rampas, con el propósito de optimizar el valor económico resultante. Esta metodología se ha probado en algunos casos de estudios en donde no se considera un cambio de sentido del camino de la rampa, conocido como switchback, esto con el fin de validar la tecnología. La presente memoria propone validar la utilización de la metodología de diseño asistido de rampas para diferentes operaciones a cielo abierto considerando switchback.
Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto, se dispone a desarrollar el diseño asistido de rampas para 2 operaciones a cielo abierto, donde los resultados se compararán con la utilización de la metodología actual de diseño. Para realizar esta comparación se utilizará el beneficio económico, el tonelaje de mineral y estéril respecto a la envolvente económica (pit final) para cada caso.
En el caso de estudio N.º 1, la metodología tradicional de diseño manual de rampas presenta una diferencia de -8.44 % en el beneficio económico total respecto al pit final, mientras que el diseño semiautomático muestra una pérdida mayor, con una diferencia de -21.81 %, lo que posiciona al diseño manual como la alternativa más eficiente desde el punto de vista económico. En términos de tonelaje de mineral, el diseño asistido presenta una diferencia de -10.02 % respecto al pit final, lo que representa una ligera mejora frente al -10.96 % obtenido con el diseño manual. No obstante, el diseño manual muestra un mejor desempeño en la gestión del material estéril, con un aumento del 2.97 % en relación con el pit final, en contraste con el exceso del 58.08 % registrado en el diseño asistido.
En el caso de estudio N.º 2, el diseño manual presenta una diferencia de -14.09 % en el beneficio económico total con respecto al pit final, alcanzando un tonelaje de mineral de 11.67 Mt y un tonelaje de estéril de 12.35 Mt. Estos resultados reflejan un margen significativo de mejora en la optimización operativa en comparación con el pit final.
Currently, phase design in open-pit mining is an iterative process that requires a significant amount of time, as it involves testing various trial-and-error scenarios until a design is achieved that meets the multiple operational constraints. The final economic value is largely influenced by the planner’s experience and the time available to evaluate the different scenarios. To improve this methodology, researchers have developed an approach that assists with ramp design, aiming to optimize the resulting economic value. This methodology has been tested in certain case studies where ramp path direction changes—known as switchbacks—are not considered, in order to validate the technology. This thesis aims to validate the use of assisted ramp design methodology for different open-pit operations, including the consideration of switchbacks. To achieve this objective, assisted ramp designs were developed for two open-pit operations, and the results were compared with those obtained using the traditional design methodology. The comparison was based on economic benefit, mineral and waste tonnage, in relation to the economic shell (final pit) for each case. In Case Study N°1, the traditional manual ramp design methodology shows a -8.44% difference in total economic benefit compared to the final pit, whereas the semi-automatic design results in a greater loss, with a difference of -21.81%. This positions the manual design as the most efficient alternative from an economic standpoint. In terms of ore tonnage, the assisted design shows a -10.02% difference compared to the final pit, representing a slight improvement over the -10.96% obtained with the manual design. However, the manual approach performs better in waste material management, with an increase of 2.97% relative to the final pit, in contrast to the 58.08% excess recorded in the assisted design. In Case Study No. 2, the manual design exhibits a –14.09 % difference in total economic benefit compared to the final pit, achieving an ore tonnage of 11.67 Mt and a waste tonnage of 12.35 Mt. These results reflect a significant margin for improvement in operational optimization relative to the final pit.
Currently, phase design in open-pit mining is an iterative process that requires a significant amount of time, as it involves testing various trial-and-error scenarios until a design is achieved that meets the multiple operational constraints. The final economic value is largely influenced by the planner’s experience and the time available to evaluate the different scenarios. To improve this methodology, researchers have developed an approach that assists with ramp design, aiming to optimize the resulting economic value. This methodology has been tested in certain case studies where ramp path direction changes—known as switchbacks—are not considered, in order to validate the technology. This thesis aims to validate the use of assisted ramp design methodology for different open-pit operations, including the consideration of switchbacks. To achieve this objective, assisted ramp designs were developed for two open-pit operations, and the results were compared with those obtained using the traditional design methodology. The comparison was based on economic benefit, mineral and waste tonnage, in relation to the economic shell (final pit) for each case. In Case Study N°1, the traditional manual ramp design methodology shows a -8.44% difference in total economic benefit compared to the final pit, whereas the semi-automatic design results in a greater loss, with a difference of -21.81%. This positions the manual design as the most efficient alternative from an economic standpoint. In terms of ore tonnage, the assisted design shows a -10.02% difference compared to the final pit, representing a slight improvement over the -10.96% obtained with the manual design. However, the manual approach performs better in waste material management, with an increase of 2.97% relative to the final pit, in contrast to the 58.08% excess recorded in the assisted design. In Case Study No. 2, the manual design exhibits a –14.09 % difference in total economic benefit compared to the final pit, achieving an ore tonnage of 11.67 Mt and a waste tonnage of 12.35 Mt. These results reflect a significant margin for improvement in operational optimization relative to the final pit.
Description
Keywords
Minería a cielo abierto, Optimización, Retorno
