Thesis METODOLOGÍA PRÁCTICA DE EVALUACIÓN TÉCNICO-ECONÓMICO-AMBIENTAL Y GESTIÓN DE UTILIZACIÓN DE DESECHOS ORGÁNICOS EN INDUSTRIA DE GANADO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA
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Date
2017
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Campus Vitacura Santiago
Abstract
La realización de proyectos de generación de energía a través de plantas de biogás (Potencia < 100 kW), en la actualidad se puede tornar una tarea compleja, en especial para un desarrollador que se inicia en este rubro. El objetivo de esta tesina, es servir como herramienta para futuros proyectos como el expuesto en este artículo, ayudando en el desarrollo del proceso comenzando desde la idea del proyecto hasta su decisión de inversión. Este, debe considerar distintos aspectos, tales como consideraciones tecnológicas, fundamentos físicos, situación actual en Chile, aspectos técnicos, costos, relación con el medioambiente, regulación aplicada, incentivos para el desarrollador, comercialización del producto, financiamiento del proyecto y en general, variables de importancia a considerar en la evaluación. Además, se plantea mostrar los pasos que se deben dar para lograr una evaluación y gestión genérica de un proyecto de este tipo, aportando con un ejemplo práctico de evaluación y financiamiento.Para lograr el objetivo se realizó una recopilación y análisis de información, de los distintos ámbitos indicados anteriormente, con los cuales se pudo obtener una visión global de lo que implica desarrollar un proyecto de biogás. De acuerdo a lo indicado se constató que existe un desarrollo tecnológico probado y a disposición del mercado, pero con una escasa aplicación. Además, se determinó que los biodigestores de geomembrana de flujo horizontal son los más recomendados para la realidad nacional, debido al menor costo de inversión que otras tecnologías, su instalación modular y componentes de fácil instalación y recambio.Respecto de la situación en Chile existe poca experiencia en proyectos de biogás a partir de estiércol de vaca. Además, hay un escaso conocimiento por parte de los ganaderos de los beneficios de su desarrollo como el manejo de residuos, olores, la posibilidad de generar biogás, energía e incluso calor para proceso de la planta o realizar la venta de electricidad y abono orgánico a terceros.En esta visión global, se concluye que el número de cabezas de ganado, la disponibilidad de agua y el tiempo de retención hidráulico, determinarán la dimensión y/o número de biodigestores a instalar, lo cual tiene implicancias sobre los requerimientos de espacio, obras civiles a considerar, equipamiento de la planta, grupo electrógeno e instrumentos de medición y control.Para completar dicha visión, se analizaron los costos del proyecto determinándose que el componente con mayor peso relativo dentro de las inversiones son las obras civiles y que el costo por kilowatt (kW) instalado es de MM$ 2 aproximadamente.La mayoría de los proyectos de generación de biogás corresponden a proyectos de magnitud mediana o pequeña, con capacidad instalada menor a 3 megawatts (MW). Por ser estos proyectos de baja escala deberían presentar una Declaración de Impacto Ambiental (DIA), salvo que existiese alguna situación particular relacionada con la localización del proyecto, impacto adverso sobre la población o recursos naturales, el paisaje o el patrimonio cultural o ser mayor a 3 MW, lo que obligaría a presentar un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA).Por otra parte, se analizaron las alternativas de financiamiento, en donde actualmente no existen subsidios para etapas de preinversión o desarrollo, existiendo créditos con garantía estatal como alternativas al financiamiento bancario, que solicita elevados requisitos para proporcionar los recursos.Para efecto de estimar los ingresos del proyecto, existen dos alternativas de comercialización de la electricidad que puede optar el desarrollador, en el mercado spot, al consto marginal de la energía y precio nudo de la potencia, o mediante el precio estabilizado.Finalmente, se plantea una metodología de evaluación en la cual se mencionan todas las variables de importancia que es necesario dimensionar en la evaluación, ya sea estimaciones para la etapa de pre factibilidad o valores más exactos para la evaluación de factibilidad. La metodología planteada utiliza toda la información comentada en los párrafos anteriores, integrándola para obtener un resultado y recomendación, en el caso de la Pre factibilidad de seguir avanzando o no, y en el caso de la factibilidad de decidir construir el proyecto o no.A modo de ejemplo, se evalúa un proyecto de una planta de biogás para 500 cabezas de ganado estabuladas, con una potencia instalada de 51,6 kW, con el objetivo de visualizar las variables de importancia que lo pueden hacer posible. Determinándose un umbral de 437 animales como el mínimo en que el proyecto se hace rentable. Para complementar esta evaluación, se analizó su financiamiento, llegando a la conclusión que la modalidad óptima es a través de un crédito de fondo general de garantía de inversiones (FOGAIN), el cual agrega valor al proyecto puro.
The execution of power generation projects through biogas plants (Power <100 kW), could be a complex task, especially for a developer who starts in this field. The objective of this thesis is to serve as a tool for future projects like the one exposed in this article, helping in the devolpment process starting from the type of project until the investment decision. This must consider diferent kind of aspects, like technological considerations, physical fundamentals, current situation in Chile, technical aspects, costs, relation with the environment, applied regulation, incentives for the developer, trading energy in the market and financing, important variables to consider in the evaluation. In addition, it is proposed to show the steps that must be taken to achieve a generic evaluation and management of a project of this type, providing a practical example of evaluation and financing.In order to achieve the objective, a collection and analysis of information was carried out from the different areas indicated above, which makes possible to obtain a global vision of what involves to develop a biogas project. According to the above, it has been found that technological development is proven and available to the market, but with a little application. In addition, it was determined that horizontal flow geomembrane biodigesters are the most recommended for the national reality, due to the lower cost of investment than other technologies, its modular and easy installation and replacement components.Regarding current situation in Chile, there is little experience in biogas projects from cow dung. Also there is a poor knowledge from farmers about benefits of their development such as waste management, bad odors, the possibility to generate biogas, energy and even heat to process the plant or to sale electricity and organic fertilizer to third parties.With this global vision, it is concluded that the number of livestock and the hydraulic retention time, will determine the size and / or number of biodigestors to be installed, which has implications on the space requirements, civil works to be considered, equipment of the plant, generator set and measuring and control instruments.To complete this vision, the costs of the project was analyzed, determining that the component with the highest relative weight within the investments are civil works. The cost per installed kW is approximately $ 2,000,000.Most of biogas generation projects correspond to medium or small magnitude projects, with installed capacity of less than 3 MW. Because these low-scale projects should present a DIA, unless there is a particular situation related to the location of the project, adverse impact on the population or natural resources, landscape or cultural heritage or greater than 3 MW, which would force to submit an EIA.On the other hand, financing alternatives were analyzed, where there are currently no subsidies for preinvestment or development stages, with state guaranteed loans as alternatives to bank financing, which requires high requirements to provide the resources.In order to estimate the project income, there are two alternatives for trading the electricity that the developer can choose in the spot market (the marginal energy and power node price), or the stabilized price.Finally, an evaluation methodology is proposed, in which all the important variables that need to be dimensioned in the evaluation are mentioned, either estimates for the pre-feasibility stage or more accurate values for the feasibility evaluation. The exposed methodology uses all the information discussed in the previous paragraphs, in order to get a result and suggestions. In the case of Pre feasibility of continuing to progress or not, and in the case of feasibility of deciding to build the project.For example, a biogas project plant is evaluated for 500 livestock units, with an installed power of 51.6 kW, in order to visualize important variables that can make it possible. Determining a threshold of 437 animals as the minimum in which the project becomes profitable. To complement this evaluation, financing alternatives were analyzed, concluding that the optimal modality is through a FOGAIN credit, which adds value to the pure project.
The execution of power generation projects through biogas plants (Power <100 kW), could be a complex task, especially for a developer who starts in this field. The objective of this thesis is to serve as a tool for future projects like the one exposed in this article, helping in the devolpment process starting from the type of project until the investment decision. This must consider diferent kind of aspects, like technological considerations, physical fundamentals, current situation in Chile, technical aspects, costs, relation with the environment, applied regulation, incentives for the developer, trading energy in the market and financing, important variables to consider in the evaluation. In addition, it is proposed to show the steps that must be taken to achieve a generic evaluation and management of a project of this type, providing a practical example of evaluation and financing.In order to achieve the objective, a collection and analysis of information was carried out from the different areas indicated above, which makes possible to obtain a global vision of what involves to develop a biogas project. According to the above, it has been found that technological development is proven and available to the market, but with a little application. In addition, it was determined that horizontal flow geomembrane biodigesters are the most recommended for the national reality, due to the lower cost of investment than other technologies, its modular and easy installation and replacement components.Regarding current situation in Chile, there is little experience in biogas projects from cow dung. Also there is a poor knowledge from farmers about benefits of their development such as waste management, bad odors, the possibility to generate biogas, energy and even heat to process the plant or to sale electricity and organic fertilizer to third parties.With this global vision, it is concluded that the number of livestock and the hydraulic retention time, will determine the size and / or number of biodigestors to be installed, which has implications on the space requirements, civil works to be considered, equipment of the plant, generator set and measuring and control instruments.To complete this vision, the costs of the project was analyzed, determining that the component with the highest relative weight within the investments are civil works. The cost per installed kW is approximately $ 2,000,000.Most of biogas generation projects correspond to medium or small magnitude projects, with installed capacity of less than 3 MW. Because these low-scale projects should present a DIA, unless there is a particular situation related to the location of the project, adverse impact on the population or natural resources, landscape or cultural heritage or greater than 3 MW, which would force to submit an EIA.On the other hand, financing alternatives were analyzed, where there are currently no subsidies for preinvestment or development stages, with state guaranteed loans as alternatives to bank financing, which requires high requirements to provide the resources.In order to estimate the project income, there are two alternatives for trading the electricity that the developer can choose in the spot market (the marginal energy and power node price), or the stabilized price.Finally, an evaluation methodology is proposed, in which all the important variables that need to be dimensioned in the evaluation are mentioned, either estimates for the pre-feasibility stage or more accurate values for the feasibility evaluation. The exposed methodology uses all the information discussed in the previous paragraphs, in order to get a result and suggestions. In the case of Pre feasibility of continuing to progress or not, and in the case of feasibility of deciding to build the project.For example, a biogas project plant is evaluated for 500 livestock units, with an installed power of 51.6 kW, in order to visualize important variables that can make it possible. Determining a threshold of 437 animals as the minimum in which the project becomes profitable. To complement this evaluation, financing alternatives were analyzed, concluding that the optimal modality is through a FOGAIN credit, which adds value to the pure project.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
BIOGAS, DESECHOS ORGANICOS, INDUSTRIA DE GANADO