Thesis ANÁLISIS PROPUESTAS GLOBALES COMISIÓN BRAVO
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Date
2017
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Campus Vitacura Santiago
Abstract
Actualmente en Chile se han planteado múltiples alternativas para aumentar el nivel de las pensiones,esta investigación da cuenta de un análisis de las propuestas de la comisión asesora presidencial sobre elsistema de pensiones (Comisión Bravo), las cuales han sido han sido firmemente debatidas por diversosactores sociales y políticos en cuanto su capacidad de otorgar rentas que permitan a los asalariados mantenersu nivel de ingresos al momento de envejecer.El informe de la comisión enfatiza la necesidad de introducir cambios para mejorar las pensionesactuales y futuras, poniendo sobre la mesa 3 propuestas, que cada una contienen reformas drásticas al sistemade pensiones: Propuesta Global A, B y C. A grandes rasgos, la propuesta Global A sigue el camino del actualsistema de pensiones, atacando aquellos aspectos débiles en el sistema actual. La propuesta Global B, proponeun sistema mixto de pensiones basado en cuentas nocionales, y la propuesta Global C, que sugiere un sistemade reparto puro. Sin duda, la comisión aborda de manera extensa el diagnóstico del sistema de pensioneschileno, no obstante, carece tanto de estudios acabados que midan el impacto de cada una de estas propuestasen la economía y mercado laboral, como de análisis comparativos entre ellas. A pesar de estas carencias,se pueden percibir posibles efectos de los problemas mencionados a través de experiencias internacionalescomo: Países Bajos y Dinamarca que se asemejan a la propuesta Global A, Suecia y China que poseen unsistema similar a la propuesta Global B, y Estados Unidos con lineamientos de la propuesta Global C.Luego de una revisión profunda de la literatura económica, y, al examinar la información proporcionada(teniendo en cuenta la escasez de herramientas analíticas entregadas por la comisión), la propuesta Aes la más apropiada para la situación actual del país, ya que la Propuesta Global B implica costos fiscalesmuy altos, provoca una inestabilidad en los mercados, genera una re-distribución incierta en el mercadolaboral, y el costo de oportunidad de destinarle recursos a este sistema en vez de fortalecer el pilar solidariode la Propuesta Global A es alto, además posee las deficiencias demográficas de un sistema de reparto. LaPropuesta Global C queda descartada por varias razones, entre otras: Daños significativos a la inversión yahorro del país, impacto negativo en la creación de empleo, el fuerte incremento en las cotizaciones al tiempoque la reserva es exhausta, y por las desalentadoras cifras (proyecciones) demográficas, dan luces de cambiossignificativos en la demografía y sus futuras proyecciones.El considerar la Propuesta Global A como un conjunto de medidas propicias para llevar al país haciauna senda de progreso, no indica necesariamente que todas las medidas colaboren significativamente a mejorarel nivel de pensiones de las personas, sólo señala que como paquete de soluciones para la optimización delsistema de pensiones provocaría un aumento significativo de la tasa de reemplazo general del sistema, sobretodo por el tramo de bajos ingresos, sin lacerar, desde la perspectiva de los factores de producción (Mercadolaboral y de capitales), el crecimiento de la economía. Es por esto que se debe analizar con detalle la validezde algunas medidas que se encuentran inmersas en la Propuesta, entre otras:Crear AFP Estatal: Ya que por sí sola no contribuye significativamente a mejorar el nivel de pensiones.Uso de tablas de mortalidad unisex para rentas vitalicias: Esta medida aumenta la pensión de lasmujeres en perjuicio de los hombres, propuesta que se debe aceptar considerando ese raciocinio.Modificar el esquema de multifondos, disminuyendo su número de 5 a 3.Eliminar el retiro programado como una modalidad de pensión: Visto del punto de vista de la propiedadde los fondos, y el impacto sobre la industria de las compañías de seguros.
Currently in Chile, there have been many alternatives to increase the level of pensions, this researchreports an analysis of the proposals of the presidential advisory commission on the pension system (BravoCommission), which have been strongly debated by various social and political actors in terms of their abilityto provide income that allows wage earners to maintain their income level at the time of aging.The commission’s report emphasizes the need to introduce changes to improve current and futurepensions, putting on the table 3 proposals, each containing drastic reforms to the pension system: emphGlobal Proposal A, B and C. Broadly speaking, the Global A proposal follows the path of the current pensionsystem, attacking those weaknesses in the current system. The Global B proposal proposes a mixed pensionsystem based on notional accounts, and the Global C proposal, which suggests a pure pay-as-you-go system.Undoubtedly, the commission broadly addresses the diagnosis of the Chilean pension system; however, itlacks both finished studies that measure the impact of each of these proposals on the economy and the labormarket, and on comparative analyzes between them. In spite of these shortcomings, it is possible to perceivepossible eects of the mentioned problems through international experiences such as: The Netherlands andDenmark that resemble the Global A, Sweden and China proposal that have a similar system to the Global Bproposal, and United States with guidelines of the proposal Global C.After a thorough review of the economic literature, and in examining the information provided (takinginto account the scarcity of analytical tools provided by the commission), proposal A is most appropriate forthe country’s current situation, since the Proposal Global B implies very high fiscal costs, causes instability inthe markets, generates an uncertain re-distribution in the labor market, and the opportunity cost of allocatingresources to this system instead of strengthening the solidarity pillar of Global Proposition A is high, it alsohas the demographic deficiencies of a distribution system. The Global Proposal C is ruled out for a numberof reasons, including: Significant damage to the country’s investment and savings, negative impact on jobcreation, the sharp increase in contributions while the reserve is exhausted, and the discouraging figures(projections) show significant changes in demographics and future projections.Considering Global Proposal A as a set of measures conducive to take the country towards a pathof progress, does not necessarily indicate that all measures contribute significantly to improve the levelof pensions of people, only points out that as a package of solutions for the optimization of the pensionsystem would lead to a significant increase in the general replacement rate of the system, particularly in thelow-income segment, without lacerating, from the perspective of the factors of production (labor and capitalmarkets), economy. It is for this reason that the validity of some measures that are immersed in the Proposalmust be analyzed in detail, among others:Create State AFP: Since it alone does not contribute significantly to improving the level of pensions.Use of unisex mortality tables for annuities: This measure increases the pension of women to thedetriment of men, a proposal that must be accepted considering this reasoning.Modify the multifund scheme, decreasing its number from 5 to 3.Eliminate the scheduled withdrawal as a pension modality: Viewed from the point of view of theownership of the funds, and the impact on the insurance company industry.
Currently in Chile, there have been many alternatives to increase the level of pensions, this researchreports an analysis of the proposals of the presidential advisory commission on the pension system (BravoCommission), which have been strongly debated by various social and political actors in terms of their abilityto provide income that allows wage earners to maintain their income level at the time of aging.The commission’s report emphasizes the need to introduce changes to improve current and futurepensions, putting on the table 3 proposals, each containing drastic reforms to the pension system: emphGlobal Proposal A, B and C. Broadly speaking, the Global A proposal follows the path of the current pensionsystem, attacking those weaknesses in the current system. The Global B proposal proposes a mixed pensionsystem based on notional accounts, and the Global C proposal, which suggests a pure pay-as-you-go system.Undoubtedly, the commission broadly addresses the diagnosis of the Chilean pension system; however, itlacks both finished studies that measure the impact of each of these proposals on the economy and the labormarket, and on comparative analyzes between them. In spite of these shortcomings, it is possible to perceivepossible eects of the mentioned problems through international experiences such as: The Netherlands andDenmark that resemble the Global A, Sweden and China proposal that have a similar system to the Global Bproposal, and United States with guidelines of the proposal Global C.After a thorough review of the economic literature, and in examining the information provided (takinginto account the scarcity of analytical tools provided by the commission), proposal A is most appropriate forthe country’s current situation, since the Proposal Global B implies very high fiscal costs, causes instability inthe markets, generates an uncertain re-distribution in the labor market, and the opportunity cost of allocatingresources to this system instead of strengthening the solidarity pillar of Global Proposition A is high, it alsohas the demographic deficiencies of a distribution system. The Global Proposal C is ruled out for a numberof reasons, including: Significant damage to the country’s investment and savings, negative impact on jobcreation, the sharp increase in contributions while the reserve is exhausted, and the discouraging figures(projections) show significant changes in demographics and future projections.Considering Global Proposal A as a set of measures conducive to take the country towards a pathof progress, does not necessarily indicate that all measures contribute significantly to improve the levelof pensions of people, only points out that as a package of solutions for the optimization of the pensionsystem would lead to a significant increase in the general replacement rate of the system, particularly in thelow-income segment, without lacerating, from the perspective of the factors of production (labor and capitalmarkets), economy. It is for this reason that the validity of some measures that are immersed in the Proposalmust be analyzed in detail, among others:Create State AFP: Since it alone does not contribute significantly to improving the level of pensions.Use of unisex mortality tables for annuities: This measure increases the pension of women to thedetriment of men, a proposal that must be accepted considering this reasoning.Modify the multifund scheme, decreasing its number from 5 to 3.Eliminate the scheduled withdrawal as a pension modality: Viewed from the point of view of theownership of the funds, and the impact on the insurance company industry.
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Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
CAPITALIZACION INDIVIDUAL, COMISION BRAVO, PENSIONES, SISTEMA DE REPARTO, SISTEMA PREVISIONAL CHILENO