Thesis Validación del ensayo de identación como técnica para determinar la adhesión de recubrimientos WCCo- Cr fabricados por HVOF
Loading...
Date
2024
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Metalúrgica
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La energía hidroeléctrica es la fuente de energía renovable, que más electricidad genera a nivel global. Aportando en Chile cerca de un 23% de la potencia instalada. Lamentablemente producto de los deshielos y las altas precipitaciones que afectan a sectores de alta montaña es generado un mayor arrastre de sólidos, el cual provoca un desgaste abrasivo en las turbinas hidráulicas.
Para mejorar las propiedades de estas piezas, se utilizan recubrimientos del tipo cermets WC-Co-Cr por rociado térmico (HVOF), los cuales, al momento de analizar sus propiedades, se tiene que “la adhesión” es la propiedad principal, ya que de esta depende la duración del recubrimiento sobre la pieza. Se determina que, el mecanismo de adhesión, en este tipo de recubrimientos, es el mecánico, producto de los esfuerzos residuales de contracción que se generan en este proceso. Esto por la alta energía de impacto y deformación que generan las partículas en el sustrato combinado con la contracción térmica de las partículas al enfriarse.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue validar el ensayo de indentación interfacial, como técnica para determinar la adhesión de recubrimientos WC-Co-Cr fabricados por HVOF. Para esto, se analizó el efecto de las variables operacionales en la adhesión, medida con el ensayo de adherencia a la tracción (TAT), bajo la norma ASTM C633, el cual, actualmente es el más utilizado debido a su simplicidad. Se demostró que no se puede obtener información de este tipo de recubrimientos, ya que la resistencia del adhesivo, recomendado para estos ensayos, es mucho menor a la adhesión del recubrimiento.
Por su parte, el ensayo de indentación, demostró ser un ensayo más sencillo, en términos de preparación de muestras y ejecución. Se pudo indicar, también, en base a los resultados de dureza en las muestras, que el flujo de combustible es la variable operacional con mayor influencia en la dureza del recubrimiento, pero que, en conjunto con el flujo de oxígeno, se aumenta en mayor medida la dureza, alcanzando un 85% de diferencia entre la muestra con menor dureza, fabricada con menores flujos y la de mayor dureza, fabricada con flujos mayores. Sin embargo, con las cargas disponibles en el equipo de indentación, no se logró generar grieta en la interfaz recubrimiento/sustrato.
Finalmente, se determina que, a pesar de que ambos ensayos se pueden realizar en laboratorio, el ensayo TAT no se sugiere como un ensayo válido para determinar adhesión en este tipo de recubrimientos. Mientras que el ensayo de indentación interfacial, a pesar de no entregar resultados concluyentes por falta de capacidad en el equipo, nos pudo entregar un rango de tenacidad en el cual se puede clasificar estos recubrimientos, 11 MPa·m1/2, y que para obtener la tenacidad interfacial relacionada con la adhesión de este par recubrimiento/sustrato, se necesitan aplicar mayores cargas de indentación.
Hydroelectric power is the renewable energy source that generates the most electricity globally. In Chile, it contributes about 23% of the installed power. Unfortunately, as a result of the thaws and high rainfall that affect high mountain sectors, a greater dragging of solids is generated, which causes abrasive wear in the hydraulic turbines. To improve the properties of these parts, WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings by thermal spray (HVOF) are used, which, at the moment of analyzing their properties, it is found that “adhesion” is the main property, since the duration of the coating on the part depends on it. It is determined that the adhesion mechanism in this type of coatings is mechanical, due to the residual contraction stresses generated in this process. This is due to the high impact and deformation energy generated by the particles on the substrate combined with the thermal contraction of the particles upon cooling. The objective of this work was to validate the interfacial indentation test as a technique to determine the adhesion of WC-Co-Cr coatings manufactured by HVOF. For this purpose, the effect of operational variables on adhesion was analyzed, measured with the tensile adhesion test (TAT), under the ASTM C633 standard, which is currently the most widely used due to its simplicity. It was shown that no information can be obtained from this type of coatings, since the adhesive strength, recommended for these tests, is much lower than the adhesion of the coating. The indentation test, on the other hand, proved to be a simpler test in terms of sample preparation and execution. It was also possible to indicate, based on the hardness results in the samples, that the fuel flow is the operational variable with the greatest influence on the hardness of the coating, but that, together with the oxygen flow, the hardness is increased to a greater extent, reaching 85% difference between the sample with lower hardness, manufactured with lower flows, and the one with higher hardness, manufactured with higher flows. However, with the loads available in the indentation equipment, it was not possible to generate cracks at the coating/substrate interface. Finally, it is determined that, although both tests can be performed in the laboratory, the TAT test is not suggested as a valid test to determine adhesion in this type of coatings. While the interfacial indentation test, in spite of not giving conclusive results due to lack of equipment capacity, was able to give us a range of toughness in which these coatings can be classified, 11 MPa-m1/2, and that to obtain the interfacial toughness related to the adhesion of this coating/substrate pair, higher indentation loads need to be applied.
Hydroelectric power is the renewable energy source that generates the most electricity globally. In Chile, it contributes about 23% of the installed power. Unfortunately, as a result of the thaws and high rainfall that affect high mountain sectors, a greater dragging of solids is generated, which causes abrasive wear in the hydraulic turbines. To improve the properties of these parts, WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings by thermal spray (HVOF) are used, which, at the moment of analyzing their properties, it is found that “adhesion” is the main property, since the duration of the coating on the part depends on it. It is determined that the adhesion mechanism in this type of coatings is mechanical, due to the residual contraction stresses generated in this process. This is due to the high impact and deformation energy generated by the particles on the substrate combined with the thermal contraction of the particles upon cooling. The objective of this work was to validate the interfacial indentation test as a technique to determine the adhesion of WC-Co-Cr coatings manufactured by HVOF. For this purpose, the effect of operational variables on adhesion was analyzed, measured with the tensile adhesion test (TAT), under the ASTM C633 standard, which is currently the most widely used due to its simplicity. It was shown that no information can be obtained from this type of coatings, since the adhesive strength, recommended for these tests, is much lower than the adhesion of the coating. The indentation test, on the other hand, proved to be a simpler test in terms of sample preparation and execution. It was also possible to indicate, based on the hardness results in the samples, that the fuel flow is the operational variable with the greatest influence on the hardness of the coating, but that, together with the oxygen flow, the hardness is increased to a greater extent, reaching 85% difference between the sample with lower hardness, manufactured with lower flows, and the one with higher hardness, manufactured with higher flows. However, with the loads available in the indentation equipment, it was not possible to generate cracks at the coating/substrate interface. Finally, it is determined that, although both tests can be performed in the laboratory, the TAT test is not suggested as a valid test to determine adhesion in this type of coatings. While the interfacial indentation test, in spite of not giving conclusive results due to lack of equipment capacity, was able to give us a range of toughness in which these coatings can be classified, 11 MPa-m1/2, and that to obtain the interfacial toughness related to the adhesion of this coating/substrate pair, higher indentation loads need to be applied.
Description
Keywords
Energías renovables, Turbinas hidráulicas, Recubrimientos protectores
