Diseño de una planta de valorización y reciclaje de paneles solares
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Date
2023
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Química
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
El interés de la generación eléctrica fotovoltaica ha sido creciente y sostenida los últimos años. Los paneles poseen una vida útil de 25 - 30 años, luego de cuyo tiempo, su eficiencia disminuye significativamente, debiendo ser reemplazados y desechados, así constituyendo un nuevo residuo. En la actualidad, se estima que en Chile existen cerca de 12 millones de módulos fotovoltaicos instalados, que para el año 2045 se transformarán en cerca de 120 mil Ton de residuos acumulados. Los paneles están compuestos en un 85% en peso por vidrio y aluminio, materiales completamente reciclables, mientras que el resto del panel, por polímeros y celdas que también pueden ser aprovechados, pero para hacerlo, es necesario separarlos y valorizarlos.
En Chile, los paneles en desuso se encuentran dentro de la categoría de aparatos electrónicos, compuesto prioritario que debe de ser gestionado, recuperado y valorizado una vez entre en vigencia el decreto de la Ley REP, 20.920; que impone a todo importador, productor y comercializador de estos aparatos deben hacerse cargo. En ese contexto, esta memoria tiene como objetivo principal el diseñar un proceso de reciclaje y valorización de paneles solares en Chile, considerando la ubicación y tipo de paneles existentes en el país. Como objetivos específicos, se tienen I) identificar y escoger tecnologías aplicables al proceso de reciclaje de paneles de los tipos más abundantes en chile, II) especificar las unidades de proceso para tratar 1 ton/día de paneles, III) estimar la superficie requerida por cada una de las unidades de proceso, junto con el layout de éstas, y IV) determinar el costo de inversión asociado al proceso. Para lograr los objetivos planteados se propone un proceso de reciclaje de paneles PV en base a silicio, que consta de 10 etapas unitarias principales. En primera instancia se lleva a cabo bajo métodos mecánicos y térmicos, para recuperar el vidrio, marco de aluminio y todo el conjunto BOS del desecho de panel solar; luego bajo métodos térmicos se elimina el EVA para dar paso finalmente a recuperar químicamente, bajo lixiviación y electrólisis, los metales deseados, plata, cobre y silicio. De todo el proceso propuesto se detallan los equipos necesarios junto a sus dimensiones, además considerando el correcto flujo de materiales en la planta, se plantea la distribución del proceso que abarca 119 m2 , que se presenta en un layout, que incluye las distintas zonas acorde a la planta (área de administración, ingeniería, mantención y otros), ocupando un terreno de 4.510 m2 . Para su instalación, en la zona industrial de Antofagasta, es necesaria una inversión de US$6,4 millones.
The interest in photovoltatic power generation has been growing and sustained in the recent years. The panels have a life span of 25 - 30 years, after that time, their efficiency decreases significantly, and they must be replaced and discarded, thus constituting new waste. Currently, it is estimated that in Chile exist about 12 million photovoltaic modules installed, which by the year 2045 will become about 120 thousand tons of accumulated waste. The panels are made up of 85% by weight of glass and aluminum, completely recyclable materials, the rest of the panel, polymers and cells that can also be used, but to do that, it is necessary to separate and value them. In Chile, disused panels are within the category of electronic devices, a priority compound that must be managed, recovered and valued once the decree of the REP Law, 20.920, enters into force; which requires every importer, producer and marketer of these devices to take charge. In this context, the main objective of this report is to design a recycling and recovery profess for solar panels in Chile, considering the location and type of existing panels in the country. The specific objectives are I) to identify and choose technologies applicable to the process of recycling panels of the most abundant types in Chile, II)Specify the process units to treat 1 ton/day of panels, III)estimate the area required by each process units, along with their layout, and IV)determine the investment cost associated with the process. To achieve the proposed objectives, a silicon-based PV panel recycling process is proposed, consisting of 10 main unit stages. In the first instance, it is carried out under mechanical and thermal methods, to recover the glass, aluminum frame and the entire BOS set from the solar panel waste; then under thermal methods the EVA is eliminated to finally give way to chemically recover, under leaching and electrolysis, the desired metals, silver, copper and silicon. Of the entire process, the necessary equipment is detailed, in which with its dimensions and considering the correct Flow of materials in the plant, the distribution of the process that covers 119 m2 is proposed, which is presented in a layout, which includes the different zones according to the plant (administration area, engineering, maintenance and others), occupying a plot of land of 4,510 m2 . For its installation, in the industrial area of Antofagasta, an investment of US$6.4 million is required.
The interest in photovoltatic power generation has been growing and sustained in the recent years. The panels have a life span of 25 - 30 years, after that time, their efficiency decreases significantly, and they must be replaced and discarded, thus constituting new waste. Currently, it is estimated that in Chile exist about 12 million photovoltaic modules installed, which by the year 2045 will become about 120 thousand tons of accumulated waste. The panels are made up of 85% by weight of glass and aluminum, completely recyclable materials, the rest of the panel, polymers and cells that can also be used, but to do that, it is necessary to separate and value them. In Chile, disused panels are within the category of electronic devices, a priority compound that must be managed, recovered and valued once the decree of the REP Law, 20.920, enters into force; which requires every importer, producer and marketer of these devices to take charge. In this context, the main objective of this report is to design a recycling and recovery profess for solar panels in Chile, considering the location and type of existing panels in the country. The specific objectives are I) to identify and choose technologies applicable to the process of recycling panels of the most abundant types in Chile, II)Specify the process units to treat 1 ton/day of panels, III)estimate the area required by each process units, along with their layout, and IV)determine the investment cost associated with the process. To achieve the proposed objectives, a silicon-based PV panel recycling process is proposed, consisting of 10 main unit stages. In the first instance, it is carried out under mechanical and thermal methods, to recover the glass, aluminum frame and the entire BOS set from the solar panel waste; then under thermal methods the EVA is eliminated to finally give way to chemically recover, under leaching and electrolysis, the desired metals, silver, copper and silicon. Of the entire process, the necessary equipment is detailed, in which with its dimensions and considering the correct Flow of materials in the plant, the distribution of the process that covers 119 m2 is proposed, which is presented in a layout, which includes the different zones according to the plant (administration area, engineering, maintenance and others), occupying a plot of land of 4,510 m2 . For its installation, in the industrial area of Antofagasta, an investment of US$6.4 million is required.
Description
Keywords
Fotovoltaíca, Reciclaje, Residuos