Publication: ESTUDIO DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA POR METALES PRESENTES EN EL MATERIAL PARTICULADO DEPOSITADO SOBRE HOJAS DE ÁRBOLES NATIVOS URBANOS EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE
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Date
2018
Authors
KLOCK BARRÍA, KARIN ALEXANDRA
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Abstract
Hoy en día uno de los más graves problemas de contaminación ambiental es la contaminación atmosférica, representando uno de los mayores riesgos para la salud. En la ciudad de Santiago, la contaminación atmosférica se presenta como un serio problema de salud pública en donde cerca de 6,5 millones de personas se encuentran expuestas a esta problemática. Dentro de los contaminantes presentes en la ciudad, el Material Particulado (MP) es de interés monitorear debido a su composición química, dentro de sus componentes se presentan metales pesados, por lo que su potencial efecto tóxico es de especial consideración.El uso de biomonitores se presenta como alternativa para el análisis de la calidad del aire en las ciudades. Las hojas de especies arbóreas han sido utilizadas con frecuencia para estos propósitos, midiendo tanto los elementos contaminantes depositados sobre ellas y la incorporación de estos últimos en sus tejidos internos. La presente memoria evaluó por primera vez el uso de hojas de especies arbóreas como biomonitores en la ciudad de Santiago, mediante la evaluación de la distribución espacial de los elementos químicos depositados sobre ellas. En total se recolectaron muestras en 56 puntos de la ciudad. El contenido de metales y elementos químicos se determinó utilizando Espectrometría de Masas con Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente (ICP-MS). Con esta técnica se analizaron los siguientes metales y elementos químicos: Berilio, Aluminio, Manganeso, Níquel, Cobre, Zinc, Molibdeno, Plata, Cadmio, Estaño, Antimonio, Bario y Plomo.Se obtuvieron patrones de distribución espacial diferentes para los elementos estudiados, logrando identificar en algunos casos las posibles fuentes emisoras asociadas a estos. La presencia de Aluminio, Zinc, Estaño, Antimonio, Cadmio y Plomo se asoció a la resuspensión de polvo atmosférico debido a la acción de los vientos y al movimiento de vehículos. Concentraciones elevadas de Plomo se obtuvieron en zonas con elevado tránsito vehicular. La presencia de Níquel, Bario, Manganeso y Cobre en altas concentraciones se asoció principalmente a industrias con grandes emisiones de MP anuales. La Ag fue asociada con un posible origen en la elaboración de cemento en el norte de la ciudad. Para el caso del Mo se obtuvo un patrón claro de distribución desde su posible fuente emisora en la dirección predominante de los vientos de la ciudad, debido posiblemente a emisiones fugitivas en la etapa del manejo de las materias primas. Por último, el elemento Be no presentó un patrón de distribución claro.Se concluye que el uso de hojas de especies arbóreas como biomonitores es de gran utilidad para la evaluación de la calidad del aire, aportando información valiosa de la composición elemental del MP sedimentado sobre ellas. La información generada puede ser de utilidad en la toma de decisiones y en la implementación de políticas públicas con el fin de proteger la salud de los habitantes de la ciudad de Santiago.
Today one of the most serious problems of environmental issues is air pollution, representing one of the greatest health risks. In the city of Santiago, air pollution is presented as a serious public health problem where about 6.5 million people are exposed to this problem. Among the pollutants present in the city, particulate matter (PM) is of interest due to its chemical composition, being heavy metals part of its components, posing a potential toxic effect on the health of the population.The use of biomonitors is presented as an alternative for the analysis of air quality in cities. The leaves of tree species have been used frequently for these purposes, measuring both the polluting elements on their surface and their presence in their internal tissues. The present work evaluated for the first time the use of tree leaves as biomonitors in the city of Santiago, by evaluating the spatial distribution of the chemical elements present in leaf surface. In total, 56 samples were collected throughout the city. The content of metals and chemical elements was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The following metals and chemical elements were analyzed: Beryllium, Aluminum, Manganese, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Silver, Cadmium, Tin, Antimony, Barium and Lead.Different spatial distribution patterns were obtained for the elements studied, in some cases identifying the possible emission sources associated with them. The presence of Aluminum, Zinc, Tin, Antimony, Cadmium and Lead was associated with the resuspension of atmospheric dust due to the action of the winds and the movement of vehicles. High concentrations of lead were obtained in areas with high traffic density. The presence of Nickel, Barium, Manganese and Copper in high concentrations was mainly associated with industries with large annual PM emissions. Silver was associated with a possible origin in the manufacture of cement in the north of the city. In the case of the Molybdenum, a clear distribution pattern was obtained from its possible emitting source in the predominant direction of the winds of the city, possibly due to fugitive emissions during the handling of the raw materials. Finally, Beryllium did not show a clear distribution pattern.It is concluded that the use of leaves of tree species as biomonitors is very useful for the evaluation of air quality, providing valuable information on the elemental composition of the PM. The information generated can be useful in decision making and in the implementation of public policies in order to protect the health of the inhabitants of the city of Santiago.
Today one of the most serious problems of environmental issues is air pollution, representing one of the greatest health risks. In the city of Santiago, air pollution is presented as a serious public health problem where about 6.5 million people are exposed to this problem. Among the pollutants present in the city, particulate matter (PM) is of interest due to its chemical composition, being heavy metals part of its components, posing a potential toxic effect on the health of the population.The use of biomonitors is presented as an alternative for the analysis of air quality in cities. The leaves of tree species have been used frequently for these purposes, measuring both the polluting elements on their surface and their presence in their internal tissues. The present work evaluated for the first time the use of tree leaves as biomonitors in the city of Santiago, by evaluating the spatial distribution of the chemical elements present in leaf surface. In total, 56 samples were collected throughout the city. The content of metals and chemical elements was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The following metals and chemical elements were analyzed: Beryllium, Aluminum, Manganese, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Silver, Cadmium, Tin, Antimony, Barium and Lead.Different spatial distribution patterns were obtained for the elements studied, in some cases identifying the possible emission sources associated with them. The presence of Aluminum, Zinc, Tin, Antimony, Cadmium and Lead was associated with the resuspension of atmospheric dust due to the action of the winds and the movement of vehicles. High concentrations of lead were obtained in areas with high traffic density. The presence of Nickel, Barium, Manganese and Copper in high concentrations was mainly associated with industries with large annual PM emissions. Silver was associated with a possible origin in the manufacture of cement in the north of the city. In the case of the Molybdenum, a clear distribution pattern was obtained from its possible emitting source in the predominant direction of the winds of the city, possibly due to fugitive emissions during the handling of the raw materials. Finally, Beryllium did not show a clear distribution pattern.It is concluded that the use of leaves of tree species as biomonitors is very useful for the evaluation of air quality, providing valuable information on the elemental composition of the PM. The information generated can be useful in decision making and in the implementation of public policies in order to protect the health of the inhabitants of the city of Santiago.
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Keywords
CONTAMINACION ATMOSFERICA , MATERIAL PARTICULADO , METALES TRAZA