Publication: ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE METALES TRAZA PRESENTES EN EL MATERIAL PARTICULADO DEPOSITADO SOBRE HOJAS DE ÁRBOLES EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE
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Date
2018
Authors
BARAHONA BARRIOS, ARIADNA GABRIELA
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Abstract
En este estudio se presentan los resultados obtenidos al realizar un análisis temporal y espacial a 13 metales presentes en el material particulado depositado en hojas de Quillay (Quillaja saponaria) y Peumo (Cryptorcarya alba) en los periodos de invierno 2016, primavera 2017 y verano 2018 en Santiago de Chile. Esto se realizó debido a la gran problemática que representa la contaminación atmosférica en la Región Metropolitana (RM), zona declarada saturada por MP10, MP2,5 y otros contaminantes. En específico, el material particulado se asocia a eventos de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población, por lo que resulta de gran importancia determinar sus diversos componentes.Como alternativa a los métodos tradicionales de monitoreo, con menores costos asociados y una mayor resolución espacial, se presenta la utilización de biomonitores en ciudades. Los biomonitores corresponden a diversos organismos vivos que permiten estimar de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa la calidad del ambiente. Las hojas de árboles son utilizadas con frecuencia, ya que pueden actuar como acumuladores naturales de material particulado, lo que permite cuantificar sus componentes.Este estudio se realizó tomando muestras de hojas de árboles en 33 comunas de la provincia de Santiago, recolectando 56 en invierno, 66 en primavera y 69 en verano. Se analizaron los metales Aluminio, Antimonio, Bario, Berilio, Cadmio, Cobre, Estaño, Manganeso, Molibdeno, Níquel, Plata, Plomo y Zinc mediante Espectrometría de Masa con Plasma Acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). Se determinaron diferencias estacionales y se obtuvieron patrones de distribución espacial, asociando los sitios con mayor concentración de contaminantes a posibles fuentes de emisión.Las altas concentraciones de diversos elementos en invierno se podrían asociar al fenómeno de inversión térmica, en verano podrían estar influenciadas por el largo tiempo sin precipitaciones y las encontradas en primavera no presentaron diferencias significativas en relación al siguiente periodo con altas concentraciones. Los elementos que presentaron altas concentraciones y coherencia espacial en los tres periodos, corresponden a Mo en el sector sur de la ciudad, Sn en el sector centro-nororiente de la ciudad, Mn en el sector centro de la ciudad (de norte a sur), Pb, Ni y Zn dispersos en toda la ciudad. Las diferencias en la distribución espacial de los demás elementos pueden estar influenciada por la dirección y velocidad del viento y diversos niveles de producción de posibles fuentes industriales.Además, se observó que la zona nororiente de Santiago presentó altas concentraciones de elementos como Al, Zn, Mn, Ni, Be, Cd las cuales se podrían asociar a la re-suspensión de polvo por la acción del viento en los sectores montañosos y a emisiones vehiculares. El sector centro de la ciudad (de norte a sur) presentó principalmente altas concentraciones de elementos asociados a emisiones vehiculares, tales como Al, Sb, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Sn, Mn, Ni, Pb y Zn. Todos los elementos con altas concentraciones en el sector poniente de la ciudad (de norte a sur), especialmente el Mo, podrían ser asociadas a fuentes industriales. No se obtuvieron resultados al comprar las concentraciones de metales con mediciones de MP2,5 y MP10 realizadas por estaciones de monitoreo, debido a la presencia de valores muy similares y la baja cantidad de estaciones.Se concluye que la herramienta de muestreo presentada, es de gran utilidad para su aplicación en planes de gestión territoriales o normativos, ya que aporta información importante en relación a zonas contaminadas, composición del MP y el comportamiento en el tiempo de los contaminantes.
In this study are presented the results from a temporal and spatial analysis of the 13 metals present in the particulate matter deposited in Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) and Peumo (Cryptorcarya alba) leaves, during the winter of 2016, spring of 2017 and summer of 2018 in Santiago de Chile. This was done due to the big problem that represents the atmospheric pollution in the Metropolitan Region (RM), an area declared saturated with MP10, MP2.5 and more pollutants. The particulate matter is asociated with mortality and morbidity events in the population, therefore is very important to determine its differents components.An alternative to traditional monitoring methods, is the use of biomonitors in cities, with lower associated costs and greater spatial resolution. The biomonitors are diverse living organisms that allow quantitatively and qualitatively estimations about the quality of the environment. Frequently, the leaves of trees are used, they can act as natural accumulators of particulate matter, which allows to quantify their components.This study was carried out by sampling tree leaves in 33 communes in the province of Santiago, collecting 56 in winter, 66 in spring and 69 in summer. The metals Aluminum, Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Copper, Tin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Lead and Zinc were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Seasonal differences were determined and spatial distribution patterns were obtained, wich allow the association of the sites with the highest concentration of pollutants with the possible emission sources.The high concentrations of different elements in the winter period could be associated with the phenomenon of thermal inversion, in summer they could be influenced by the long lapse of time without rainfall and those found in spring did not show significant differences in relation to the following period with high concentrations. The elements that were found in high concentrations and spatial coherence between the three seasons correspond to Mo in the southern sector of the city, Sn in the central-northeast sector of the city, Mn in the central sector of the city (from north to south) , Pb, Ni and Zn scattered throughout the city. The differences in the spatial distribution of the other elements can be influenced by the direction and speed of the wind and the different production levels of possible industrial sources.In addition, it was observed that the northeastern zone of Santiago had high concentrations of elements such as Al, Zn, Mn, Ni, Be, Cd which could be associated to the re-suspension of dust by wind action in the mountainous sectors and to vehicular emissions. The downtown sector of the city (from north to south) presented mainly high concentrations of elements associated with vehicle emissions, such as Al, Sb, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Sn, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. All elements with high concentrations in the western sector of the city (from north to south), especially the Mo, could be associated with industrial sources. No conclusive results were obtained by the comparison of MP2.5 and MP10 measurements made by the differents monitoring stations, due to the presence of very similar values and the low number of stations.It is concluded that the sampling tool presented is of great utility for its application in territorial or normative management plans, since it provides important information in relation to areas that present major contamination and composition of MP, also about its behavior over time.
In this study are presented the results from a temporal and spatial analysis of the 13 metals present in the particulate matter deposited in Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) and Peumo (Cryptorcarya alba) leaves, during the winter of 2016, spring of 2017 and summer of 2018 in Santiago de Chile. This was done due to the big problem that represents the atmospheric pollution in the Metropolitan Region (RM), an area declared saturated with MP10, MP2.5 and more pollutants. The particulate matter is asociated with mortality and morbidity events in the population, therefore is very important to determine its differents components.An alternative to traditional monitoring methods, is the use of biomonitors in cities, with lower associated costs and greater spatial resolution. The biomonitors are diverse living organisms that allow quantitatively and qualitatively estimations about the quality of the environment. Frequently, the leaves of trees are used, they can act as natural accumulators of particulate matter, which allows to quantify their components.This study was carried out by sampling tree leaves in 33 communes in the province of Santiago, collecting 56 in winter, 66 in spring and 69 in summer. The metals Aluminum, Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Copper, Tin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Lead and Zinc were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Seasonal differences were determined and spatial distribution patterns were obtained, wich allow the association of the sites with the highest concentration of pollutants with the possible emission sources.The high concentrations of different elements in the winter period could be associated with the phenomenon of thermal inversion, in summer they could be influenced by the long lapse of time without rainfall and those found in spring did not show significant differences in relation to the following period with high concentrations. The elements that were found in high concentrations and spatial coherence between the three seasons correspond to Mo in the southern sector of the city, Sn in the central-northeast sector of the city, Mn in the central sector of the city (from north to south) , Pb, Ni and Zn scattered throughout the city. The differences in the spatial distribution of the other elements can be influenced by the direction and speed of the wind and the different production levels of possible industrial sources.In addition, it was observed that the northeastern zone of Santiago had high concentrations of elements such as Al, Zn, Mn, Ni, Be, Cd which could be associated to the re-suspension of dust by wind action in the mountainous sectors and to vehicular emissions. The downtown sector of the city (from north to south) presented mainly high concentrations of elements associated with vehicle emissions, such as Al, Sb, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Sn, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. All elements with high concentrations in the western sector of the city (from north to south), especially the Mo, could be associated with industrial sources. No conclusive results were obtained by the comparison of MP2.5 and MP10 measurements made by the differents monitoring stations, due to the presence of very similar values and the low number of stations.It is concluded that the sampling tool presented is of great utility for its application in territorial or normative management plans, since it provides important information in relation to areas that present major contamination and composition of MP, also about its behavior over time.
Description
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Keywords
CONTAMINACION ATMOSFERICA , HOJAS DE ARBOLES , METALES TRAZA