Thesis CONVERSIÓN ELÉCTRICA DOMÉSTICA FOTOVOLTAICA EN CHILE BAJO UN ESQUEMA DE SUBSIDIO TIPO FEED-IN TARIFF
Date
2017
Authors
FUENTES NUÑEZ, ROBERTO EDUARDO
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Abstract
Chile debe contar con una conversión de energía diversificada, que incluya ERNC en su matriz, con un sistema eléctrico confiable, robusto y limpio.La generación distribuida es una tecnología con amplio desarrollo en países de Europa, entre ellos en Alemania, en donde existe un sistema de estímulo a la penetración de la autogeneración en base a un incentivo al precio pagado por cada kWh autogenerado e inyectado a la red de distribución. Este sistema simplemente opera a través de una decidida postura política y legal, bajo el amparo del acuerdo social en la materia.En Chile, en cambio, la Ley 20.571 establece un sistema del tipo Net Billing que actualmente beneficia casi exclusivamente a las empresas distribuidoras, lucrando por cada kWh generado por los clientes residenciales, a sus expensas.En el estudio se realizaron evaluaciones de un proyecto fotovoltaico de 3 kW, común en el mercado e inclusive ofertado por las principales distribuidoras eléctricas.En ellas se observa que en el caso nacional si bien los indicadores financieros y/o económicos son favorables y el proyecto resulta ser rentable, existe un dilatado tiempo de recuperación del capital, como también que el LCOE es superior al pago que las distribuidoras, amparadas por la Ley 20.571, realizan a los generadores residenciales.Se evaluó el proyecto bajo las condiciones similares a las que operan en Alemania (Feed-In Tariff) y luego bajo un real sistema Net Metering. En el primer caso, los beneficios para el generador residencial fueron evidentes, siendo un escenario ideal para la adopción de esta tecnología en nuestro país. Sin embargo, la realidad es que hoy Chile está bastante lejos de adoptar un sistema similar (como se dijo, sin la participación de fondos fiscales necesariamente, como ocurre en Alemania, pero probablemente con una férrea oposición de las generadoras), por lo que se plantea como materia de un futuro estudio, el análisis sobre el impacto que podría tener el adoptar un sistema similar al Alemán, analizando los precios de la cuenta eléctrica de los hogares o bien, pensando en un subsidio con fondos públicos.En cuanto al escenario Net Metering, se aprecia que el usuario es retribuido realmente por la energía que autogenera e inyecta a la red, puesto que el LCOE es inferior al pago simétrico por parte de la distribuidora, además del hecho de que se disminuye el tiempo de recuperación del capital en comparación con el actual escenario Net Billing.Se propone que el Estado explore esta última opción en base a los indicadores que resultan del estudio y que, además, el Gobierno no castigue con el peso de un posible subsidio al Valor Agregado de Distribución que las empresas distribuidoras puedan solicitar, puesto que se presume que no es justo técnicamente subsidiar una energía autogenerada por los usuarios residenciales que luego será consumida por los vecinos cercanos, ocupando en su transporte una mínima porción de infraestructura de distribución eléctrica.Por último, los análisis de sensibilidad y riesgo efectuados muestran que el proyecto evaluado es rentable en los escenarios actuales, Net Metering y evidentemente, bajo un escenario similar al Alemán, a propósito de las buenas y favorables condiciones de radiación solar de nuestro país y de los actuales costos iniciales de inversión.
The Chilean conversion matrix would be robust, clean, reliable and totally diversified including renewable and sustainable energies (REN).Distributed generation is a technology widely adopted in Europe and especially in Germany. In this country the model proposed by the government motivates, from financial point of view (USD/kWh), the penetration of self-generation and injection of electrical energy into the local distribution network. It is important to indicate that this system is supported by a well-structured establishment (political and legal), largely supported by the community.In Chile, the 20571 law established the Net Billing model as the umbrella to introduce the REN in the Chilean system. However, this model motivates only the local distribution companies, profiting for each kWh converted by the residential customers.A common residential PV plant (in terms of power and size) was evaluated operating in Chile. Different cases shown that the financial indicators are attractive, nevertheless the time to recover the investment is too large. The LCOE usually obtained is larger than the distribution company, protected by the Law 20571.The project was also analyzed under Feed-In Tariff model and compared under a real Net Metering system. In the first case, the benefit for the local generator is clear and represents obviously an interesting scenario to motivate the implementation of this technology. However, in the present configuration Chile is far to adopt this model (efforts must be deployed from both sides government, generators and distributors companies). In this sense, new studies would be carrying out in order to understand and to evaluate the actual impact of the model adopted in Germany, from financial and economic point of view. This would be established regarding mainly the price of kWh that will be adopted considering also the subventions from the government.Analyzing the Net Metering scenario, clearly the user obtains a retribution for the electric energy generated and reinserted into the network, nevertheless this is not enough; the LCOE is smaller compared to the symmetric payment by the distributor, obtaining a shorter payback compared to the Net Billing scenario.The main conclusion of this study is that the government must to explore a new way to impulse the REN using a model the German strategy. Clearly this will be adapted to Chilean society where the distributors obtain a correct retribution (balanced) by the use of the network, where probably the energy will be used close to the local generator (a small portion of distribution infrastructure would be used).The last part of this work was devoted to a sensitivity and risk analysis. The simulations carried out shown that the project evaluated is profitable in the current scenarios, for Net Metering and of course for Feed-In Tariff evidently, under a similar scenario to German. This is absolutely reinforced by the large solar irradiation conditions standing in Chile and also by a decreasing cost of the PV plant analyzed in this study.
The Chilean conversion matrix would be robust, clean, reliable and totally diversified including renewable and sustainable energies (REN).Distributed generation is a technology widely adopted in Europe and especially in Germany. In this country the model proposed by the government motivates, from financial point of view (USD/kWh), the penetration of self-generation and injection of electrical energy into the local distribution network. It is important to indicate that this system is supported by a well-structured establishment (political and legal), largely supported by the community.In Chile, the 20571 law established the Net Billing model as the umbrella to introduce the REN in the Chilean system. However, this model motivates only the local distribution companies, profiting for each kWh converted by the residential customers.A common residential PV plant (in terms of power and size) was evaluated operating in Chile. Different cases shown that the financial indicators are attractive, nevertheless the time to recover the investment is too large. The LCOE usually obtained is larger than the distribution company, protected by the Law 20571.The project was also analyzed under Feed-In Tariff model and compared under a real Net Metering system. In the first case, the benefit for the local generator is clear and represents obviously an interesting scenario to motivate the implementation of this technology. However, in the present configuration Chile is far to adopt this model (efforts must be deployed from both sides government, generators and distributors companies). In this sense, new studies would be carrying out in order to understand and to evaluate the actual impact of the model adopted in Germany, from financial and economic point of view. This would be established regarding mainly the price of kWh that will be adopted considering also the subventions from the government.Analyzing the Net Metering scenario, clearly the user obtains a retribution for the electric energy generated and reinserted into the network, nevertheless this is not enough; the LCOE is smaller compared to the symmetric payment by the distributor, obtaining a shorter payback compared to the Net Billing scenario.The main conclusion of this study is that the government must to explore a new way to impulse the REN using a model the German strategy. Clearly this will be adapted to Chilean society where the distributors obtain a correct retribution (balanced) by the use of the network, where probably the energy will be used close to the local generator (a small portion of distribution infrastructure would be used).The last part of this work was devoted to a sensitivity and risk analysis. The simulations carried out shown that the project evaluated is profitable in the current scenarios, for Net Metering and of course for Feed-In Tariff evidently, under a similar scenario to German. This is absolutely reinforced by the large solar irradiation conditions standing in Chile and also by a decreasing cost of the PV plant analyzed in this study.
Description
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Keywords
CONVERSION ELECTRICA FOTOVOLTAICA , GENERACION DOMESTICA , MODELO FEED-IN TARIFF