Publication: ANÁLISIS DE EXPERIENCIAS PRÁCTICAS Y RESULTADOS DE REDES INTELIGENTES
Date
2016
Authors
ESPINOZA CUELLAR, HUGO IVAN ALEJANDRO
Journal Title
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Abstract
La creciente demanda energética, en un contexto de mayor conciencia social acerca del impacto que las actividades humanas están teniendo en el mundo, está generando fuerte presión en los países para garantizar un abastecimiento confiable, seguro y sostenible, base existencial de una economía y sociedad moderna.Los avances tecnológicos están potenciando la incorporación de fuentes de energía renovables no convencionales y el desarrollo de medidas de uso eficiente de la energía. Las Redes Inteligentes (RI) están permitiendo que los consumidores sean cada vez más protagonistas en la gestión de la demanda.Las RI son un complemento virtuoso entre la red eléctrica tradicional y las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación, que pueden controlar los flujos y adaptarse automáticamente a los cambios en la oferta y la demanda.El propósito de esta tesis es profundizar en la comprensión de las RI, su alcance y grado de desarrollo actual, así como describir las principales barreras que han impedido un despegue más rápido a nivel mundial.Las RI tienen el potencial de generar muchos beneficios a la economía de un país, favoreciendo a todos, trabajadores, consumidores, empresas y medioambiente. Estos beneficios dependerán de los objetivos estratégicos de cada país, los que podrían ser tan variados como aumentar la eficiencia, mejorar la confiabilidad, estimular las energías renovables, disminuir las emisiones o postergar inversiones. En términos económicos, los beneficios de las RI completamente desplegadas se estiman en 0,7% de PIB.No obstante, existen barreras regulatorias, tecnológicas, de estandarización, de costos de inversión, de mercado, de modelo de negocio y de apoyo, en países menos desarrollados, como Chile, que deben superarse porque están retrasando la masificación de las RI.Un objetivo específico de este trabajo es analizar experiencias prácticas de implementación de RI a nivel nacional e internacional. La cantidad de proyectos e información disponible es amplia, por lo que se presentarán algunos proyectos destacados.Al comparar el desarrollo de las RI en Estados Unidos y Europa puede observarse gran similitud. En ambas regiones existe amplio apoyo gubernamental a la implementación de tecnologías de RI, así como al desarrollo de planes pilotos de demostración. Existen fondos para subvencionar inversiones, investigación, desarrollo y capacitación. Tienen una visión compartida acerca de los aportes de las RI al sector energético en particular y a la economía en general. Van a la vanguardia en el desarrollo tecnológico.En cambio en Chile, la situación es menos dinámica. Se han ejecutado pocas experiencias, destacándose los proyectos de micro-red Esuscon en Huatacondo y SmartCity en Huechuraba, éste último enmarcado en el plan de redes inteligentes de Chilectra. Se describirán ambas experiencias.El análisis de toda la información muestra que las RI tienen una serie de desafíos comunes a nivel internacional. Además de superar las barreras tecnológicas y de estandarización ya mencionadas, está surgiendo con fuerza la necesidad de asegurar la privacidad de los clientes, no sólo protegiéndolos contra las amenazas de virus, “spam” (correo basura) y troyanos (maliciosos), sino que también contra la suplantación de identidad, seguimiento y captura de información. En Estados Unidos ya se detectó problemas con la privacidad de los datos de clientes en RI. Se ha visto vulnerada la información del estilo de vida e incluso el estado de salud de los consumidores, mediante la captura de datos de uso de electrodomésticos, sensores de movimiento y dispositivos relacionados con la medicina.En Chile, los desafíos son otros, más básicos. El primero es alinear la visión de futuro respecto a RI. Aquí el Estado tiene un rol coordinador relevante, similar al que tuvo el Ministerio de Energía en la elaboración participativa de la Política Energética. Chile debe crear un marco regulatorio adecuado para el desarrollo de las RI. Otro desafío es mejorar la normativa que fomenta la generación distribuida, aprovechando las ventajas comparativas en materia de fuentes de energía renovables no convencionales. La normativa actual no está dando los resultados esperados.Este trabajo concluye con el levantamiento de oportunidades que permitan al país enfrentar los desafíos señalados. En primer lugar está el Proyecto de Ley que establece nuevos sistemas de transmisión de energía eléctrica y crea un nuevo ente coordinador. En él se incorpora un proceso de planificación estratégica que debería promocionar nuevas tecnologías, y donde deberían tener cabida las redes inteligentes.Otra oportunidad la da el Proyecto de Ley de Eficiencia Energética, que se espera sea enviado al Congreso el segundo semestre de este año. La meta nacional es disminuir 20% el consumo proyectado de energía al año 2025 mediante iniciativas de eficiencia. Las RI son claves para este desafío por lo tanto deberían fomentarse explícitamente.Una tercera oportunidad es la “Política de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Energía” que el Gobierno se planteó como desafío desarrollar a partir de este año 2016 y que contempla procesos de planificación tecnológica estratégica, donde las RI no estarán al margen. Por último, Chile debe generar un mecanismo de transferencia de conocimientos, que permita difundir lecciones aprendidas de proyectos de RI, tal como lo hacen los países desarrollados.
The growing energy demand in a context of greater social awareness of the impact that human activities are having on the world, is generating strong pressure on countries to ensure reliable, secure and sustainable supply, which is the existential basis of a modern economy and society.Technological advances are promoting the incorporation of non-conventional renewable sources of energy and the development of measures for its efficient use. Smart Grids (SG) are enabling consumers to increasingly become protagonists in demand management.The SG are a virtuous complement between the traditional power grid and the information technology and communication, which can control the flow and automatically adapt to changes in supply and demand.The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the SG, their scope and degree of current development, and to describe the main barriers that have prevented a faster takeoff worldwide.The SG have the potential to generate many benefits to the economy of a country, benefiting all producers, consumers, businesses and the environment. These benefits depend on the strategic objectives of each country, which could be as varied as increasing efficiency, improving reliability, promoting renewable energy, reducing emissions or postponing investments. In economic terms, the benefits of the fully deployed SG are estimated at 0.7% of GDP.However, there are different types of barriers that must be overcome in less developed countries such as Chile -regulatory, technological, standardization, investment costs, market, business model and support- because they are delaying the massification of SG. A specific objective of this paper is to analyze practical experiences of implementing SG at national and international level. The number of projects and information available is wide, so some outstanding projects will be presented.Great similarities can be found when comparing the SG development in the US and Europe. In both regions there is broad government support for the implementation of SG technologies and the development of pilot demonstration plans. There are funds to subsidize investments, research, development and training. They have a shared vision about the contributions of the SG to the energy sector in particular and the economy in general. They are at the forefront of technological development.In contrast, in Chile, the situation is less dynamic. Fewer projects have been implemented, in particular the micro-network projects ESUSCON in Huatacondo and SmartCity in Huechuraba, the latter framed in the Chilectra SG. Both experiences will be described.The analysis of all the data shows that the SG have a number of common challenges internationally. In addition to overcoming the aforementioned technological and standardization barriers, the need to ensure the privacy of customers is emerging strongly, not only protecting them against virus threats, spam (junk mail) and trojans (malicious mail), but also against phishing, monitoring and data capture. In the United States, problems with the privacy of customer data in SG have already been detected. The information about the lifestyle and even the health of consumers has been compromised, by capturing data using electrical appliances, motion sensors and medical devices.In Chile, the challenges are different, more basic. The first one is to align the vision regarding SG. Here the government has a relevant coordinating role, similar to the one the Ministry of Energy took in the participatory development of the Energy Policy. Chile should create an appropriate regulatory framework for the development of SG. Another challenge is to improve the regulations that encourage distributed generation, exploiting comparative advantages in non-conventional renewable sources of energy. The current regulations are not giving the expected results.This paper concludes with identifying the opportunities for the country to meet the indicated challenges. Firstly, there is the Bill that establishes new systems of electric power transmission and creates a new coordinating entity. It includes a strategic planning process that should promote new technologies, and where SG should be integrated.Another opportunity is provided by the Draft Law on Energy Efficiency, which is expected to be sent to Congress the second half of this year. The national goal is to reduce 20% of the projected energy consumption by 2025 through efficiency initiatives. The SG are key to this challenge and should therefore be explicitly encouraged.A third opportunity is the "Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation in Energy" which the government has set as a challenge to start developing this year 2016 and that provides strategic technology planning processes, where SG will not be on the sidelines.
The growing energy demand in a context of greater social awareness of the impact that human activities are having on the world, is generating strong pressure on countries to ensure reliable, secure and sustainable supply, which is the existential basis of a modern economy and society.Technological advances are promoting the incorporation of non-conventional renewable sources of energy and the development of measures for its efficient use. Smart Grids (SG) are enabling consumers to increasingly become protagonists in demand management.The SG are a virtuous complement between the traditional power grid and the information technology and communication, which can control the flow and automatically adapt to changes in supply and demand.The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the SG, their scope and degree of current development, and to describe the main barriers that have prevented a faster takeoff worldwide.The SG have the potential to generate many benefits to the economy of a country, benefiting all producers, consumers, businesses and the environment. These benefits depend on the strategic objectives of each country, which could be as varied as increasing efficiency, improving reliability, promoting renewable energy, reducing emissions or postponing investments. In economic terms, the benefits of the fully deployed SG are estimated at 0.7% of GDP.However, there are different types of barriers that must be overcome in less developed countries such as Chile -regulatory, technological, standardization, investment costs, market, business model and support- because they are delaying the massification of SG. A specific objective of this paper is to analyze practical experiences of implementing SG at national and international level. The number of projects and information available is wide, so some outstanding projects will be presented.Great similarities can be found when comparing the SG development in the US and Europe. In both regions there is broad government support for the implementation of SG technologies and the development of pilot demonstration plans. There are funds to subsidize investments, research, development and training. They have a shared vision about the contributions of the SG to the energy sector in particular and the economy in general. They are at the forefront of technological development.In contrast, in Chile, the situation is less dynamic. Fewer projects have been implemented, in particular the micro-network projects ESUSCON in Huatacondo and SmartCity in Huechuraba, the latter framed in the Chilectra SG. Both experiences will be described.The analysis of all the data shows that the SG have a number of common challenges internationally. In addition to overcoming the aforementioned technological and standardization barriers, the need to ensure the privacy of customers is emerging strongly, not only protecting them against virus threats, spam (junk mail) and trojans (malicious mail), but also against phishing, monitoring and data capture. In the United States, problems with the privacy of customer data in SG have already been detected. The information about the lifestyle and even the health of consumers has been compromised, by capturing data using electrical appliances, motion sensors and medical devices.In Chile, the challenges are different, more basic. The first one is to align the vision regarding SG. Here the government has a relevant coordinating role, similar to the one the Ministry of Energy took in the participatory development of the Energy Policy. Chile should create an appropriate regulatory framework for the development of SG. Another challenge is to improve the regulations that encourage distributed generation, exploiting comparative advantages in non-conventional renewable sources of energy. The current regulations are not giving the expected results.This paper concludes with identifying the opportunities for the country to meet the indicated challenges. Firstly, there is the Bill that establishes new systems of electric power transmission and creates a new coordinating entity. It includes a strategic planning process that should promote new technologies, and where SG should be integrated.Another opportunity is provided by the Draft Law on Energy Efficiency, which is expected to be sent to Congress the second half of this year. The national goal is to reduce 20% of the projected energy consumption by 2025 through efficiency initiatives. The SG are key to this challenge and should therefore be explicitly encouraged.A third opportunity is the "Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation in Energy" which the government has set as a challenge to start developing this year 2016 and that provides strategic technology planning processes, where SG will not be on the sidelines.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
GESTION DE LA DEMANDA , MEDIDORES INTELIGENTES , REDES ELECTRICAS INTELIGENTES , REDES INTELIGENTES , SMARTCITY