Thesis ANÁLISIS DE LOS MECANISMOS DE COMPENSACIÓN SOCIO AMBIENTALES EXISTENTES EN PROYECTOS ENERGÉTICOS EN CHILE
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Date
2017
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Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Campus Vitacura Santiago
Abstract
El desarrollo de proyectos de inversión en Chile, hoy debe considerar una mayor participación y empoderamiento de la ciudadanía que en las últimas décadas han marcado los conflictos socioambientales en el sector energético. Compatibilizar el desarrollo energético y el desarrollo sostenible a nivel local, requiere incorporara los aspectos sociales y culturales en las medias compensatorias. Se distingue entre la compensación socioambiental pura y la asociatividad comunitaria, mientras que la primera busca compensar las externalidades ambientales soportadas por las comunidades, la segunda busca establecer acuerdos y compartir beneficios entre las partes.La presente tesina entregará una descripción pormenorizada de los mecanismos de asociatividad utilizados en Chile para proyectos energéticos, haciendo a su vez una revisión del contexto regulatorio internacional y las experiencias en otros países. Esto permitirá establecer variables relevantes que contribuyan a la toma de decisiones de privados y públicos.La normativa internacional en materias de relacionamiento empresa comunidad, es en su mayoría no vinculante y está basada en el resguardo de los derechos humanos, respeto y reconocimiento de los intereses de todas las partes, el comportamiento ético y la voluntad de establecer acuerdos. Los instrumentos vinculantes para Chile, están relacionados con pueblos indígenas y condiciones de financiamiento internacional de los proyectos. A nivel nacional, esta materia ha sido históricamente abordada mediante la Ley ambiental y los procesos de participación ciudadana, los que en la práctica no intervienen mayormente en las medidas de compensación. Un paso significativo ha mostrado la Política Energética que impulsa mecanismos inclusivos de asociatividad como parte de las metas al año 2035.De la investigación se evidencia un número reducido de experiencias de asociatividad en proyectos energéticos en Chile, fuera del marco de la evaluación ambiental de los proyectos y por tanto de carácter voluntario aunque impulsado por un escenario de tensión social. La base del mecanismo, es la entrega de fondos económicos destinados a infraestructura comunitaria, desarrollo social, fomento productivo y educación. El objetivo principal que persiguen las empresas es la legitimidad social de las inversiones. Las tendencias internacionales por su parte, muestran formas de relacionamientos aún más integrales donde el beneficio compartido se realiza mediante el reconocimiento de derechos legales de las comunidades, como son el derecho a las tierras, recursos naturales o participación de utilidades a nivel local.Entre los aspectos relevantes a ser considerados en los mecanismos de asociatividad se identifican: La incorporación de la cadena de valor en los beneficios sociales, la participación activa y comprometida de las partes con el objeto de llegar acuerdos, el rol del estado como articuladores del diálogo y garantes de los procesos y finalmente el rol de la empresa en la entrega equilibrada de los recursos con los miembros de la comunidad, el impulso al desarrollo autosustentable de la comunidad y la capacidad de generar y compartir conocimiento en estas materia
Development of investment projects in Chile, today should consider greater participation and citizen empowerment that have marked the socio-environmental conflicts in the energy sector. Compatibilizing energy development and sustainable development at the local level requires incorporating social and cultural aspects into compensatory measures. A difference is made between socioenvironmental compensation and community associativity, while the first seeks to compensate environmental externalities incurred by the communities, the second seeks to establish agreements and share benefits.This thesis will provide a detailed description of the associative mechanisms in Chile for energy projects, making a review of the international the regulatory context and the experiences in other countries. This will allow establishing relevant variables that contribute to the decision making of private and public sector.The international rules in the area of community relations are mostly non-binding and are based on the protection of human rights, recognition of the interests of all parties, ethical behavior and the willingness to establish agreements. The binding instruments for Chile are related to indigenous peoples and the conditions for international financing of projects. At the national level, this subject has been addressed through the Environmental Law and citizen participation processes, which in practice do not play a major role in compensation measures. A significant advance is the Energy Policy that promotes inclusive mechanisms of associativity as part of the goals by 2035. The research shows a small number of experiences of associativity in energy projects in Chile, outside of the environmental evaluation process and therefore voluntary, although driven by social tension. The basis of the mechanism is the surrender of economic funds for community infrastructure, social development, productive development and education. The main objective pursued by companies in the social legitimacy of investments. International trends show even more comprehensive forms of relationship, where shared benefit is realized through the recognition of legal rights of communities, such as land rights, natural resources rights or profit sharing at the local level.Relevant aspects are identified for the mechanisms of associativity: incorporation of the value chain into social benefits, the active and committed participation of the parties in order to reach agreements, the role of the state as guarantors of the dialogue processes and finally the role of the company in the balanced distribution of resources across all community, the self-sustaining development of the community and the capacity to generate and share knowledge in this matter.
Development of investment projects in Chile, today should consider greater participation and citizen empowerment that have marked the socio-environmental conflicts in the energy sector. Compatibilizing energy development and sustainable development at the local level requires incorporating social and cultural aspects into compensatory measures. A difference is made between socioenvironmental compensation and community associativity, while the first seeks to compensate environmental externalities incurred by the communities, the second seeks to establish agreements and share benefits.This thesis will provide a detailed description of the associative mechanisms in Chile for energy projects, making a review of the international the regulatory context and the experiences in other countries. This will allow establishing relevant variables that contribute to the decision making of private and public sector.The international rules in the area of community relations are mostly non-binding and are based on the protection of human rights, recognition of the interests of all parties, ethical behavior and the willingness to establish agreements. The binding instruments for Chile are related to indigenous peoples and the conditions for international financing of projects. At the national level, this subject has been addressed through the Environmental Law and citizen participation processes, which in practice do not play a major role in compensation measures. A significant advance is the Energy Policy that promotes inclusive mechanisms of associativity as part of the goals by 2035. The research shows a small number of experiences of associativity in energy projects in Chile, outside of the environmental evaluation process and therefore voluntary, although driven by social tension. The basis of the mechanism is the surrender of economic funds for community infrastructure, social development, productive development and education. The main objective pursued by companies in the social legitimacy of investments. International trends show even more comprehensive forms of relationship, where shared benefit is realized through the recognition of legal rights of communities, such as land rights, natural resources rights or profit sharing at the local level.Relevant aspects are identified for the mechanisms of associativity: incorporation of the value chain into social benefits, the active and committed participation of the parties in order to reach agreements, the role of the state as guarantors of the dialogue processes and finally the role of the company in the balanced distribution of resources across all community, the self-sustaining development of the community and the capacity to generate and share knowledge in this matter.
Description
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Keywords
ASOCIATIVIDAD, COMPENSACION SOCIOAMBIENTAL, POLITICA ENERGETICA, PROYECTO ENERGETICO, RELACION COMUNIDAD EMPRESA