Thesis ESTUDIO EXPERIMENTAL PARA EL DISEÑO DE CUBIERTAS ALTERNATIVAS EN RELAVES MINEROS, ALMACENAMIENTO-LIBERACIÓN Y QUIEBRE CAPILAR
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Date
2019
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Program
INGENIERÍA CIVIL
Campus
Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La extracción de mineral genera significativas cantidades de desechos (estériles, ripios de lixiviación, relaves), los cuales deben ser correctamente almacenados en depósitos, lo que implica importantes desafíos de ingeniería tanto en su diseño, construcción y posterior cierre una vez terminado su vida útil. Estos desechos presentan incrementos año a año conforme a los crecientes niveles de producción como resultado de la caída constante con el tiempo de la ley de minerales. Este incremento, al amparo de nuevos estándares medioambientales y de seguridad, permiten generar nuevas técnicas para el control y estabilidad en relaves durante los años de funcionamiento como también posterior al cierre e inclusive en el postcierre.
Uno de los principales elementos a tener en consideración al momento del cierre de un depósito de relaves es la estabilidad química-física de los materiales una vez expuestos al ambiente. En particular, el drenaje acido (Acid Mine Drainage -AMD), que resulta en la produccion de liquidos ricos en sulfatos y metales pesados, ha demostrado ser altamente perjudicial para el medioambiente. Uno de los elementos para el control de este fenomeno son las coberturas superficiales. Actualmente, uno de los desafios que enfrenta la industria minera internacional, es el desarrollo de cubiertas no convencionales o alternativas a las comunmente utilizadas en el pasado, i.e. cubiertas de arcilla o materiales finos. El diseño y eficiencia de las coberturas está condicionada por las propiedades no saturadas de los suelos con la que será construida, particularmente la succión, conductividad hidráulica y su constante dieléctrica, entre otras; así también por las condiciones climáticas de la zona geográfica donde será implementada.
El presente trabajo busca desarrollar una metodología para el diseño experimental de cubiertas para depósitos de relaves basada en el fenómeno de quiebre capilar dado por la interfaz entre dos suelos con propiedades particulares. Se generará un sistema donde se elaborarán propuestas de diseño de cubiertas de materiales de empréstito y materiales alternativos proveniente de los mismos desechos mineros. Lo anterior, a partir de pruebas de laboratorios que simulan las condiciones a las que se verían afectadas las cubiertas en la Región de Atacama y un equipo de monitoreo no destructivo para el registro del comportamiento de las cubiertas en procesos de almacenamiento y liberación de agua. Los resultados se utilizarán para evaluar propuestas de diseño, así también como input para el modelamiento matemático de diseños de cubiertas para grandes extensiones, asi como diversas condiciones geométricas y climáticas.
Mining produces great quantities of residues, that need to be stored correctly in a depository, which creates great engineering challenges in its design, construction and subsequent closure, once its lifetime is over. These residues are increasing each year, as a result of the growing levels of production due to the constant drop of the ore grade in time. This increase, in support of environmental and safety standards, allows the creation of new control and stability techniques in tailings, throughout the operating years as well as the following closure and during the post-closure. One of the main elements to consider at the closure of a tailing depository is the physicochemical stability of the materials once exposed to the environment. In particular, the acid mining drainage (AMD), result of the production of sulphate-rich liquids and heavy metals, has been proven to be harmful to the environment. An element used for the control of this phenomenon is surface covering. Nowadays, one of the challenges the international mining industry faces, is the development of non-traditional covers or substitutes for the ones used in the past, i.e. clay covers or fine materials. Design and efficiency of these covers is conditioned by the non-saturated properties of the soil which it will be constructed with, especially the suction, hydraulic conductivity and its dielectric constant, among others; also, by the climatic conditions of the geographic zone where it will be implemented. The present work seeks to develop a method for the experimental design of tailing depository covers based on the capillary break phenomenon given by the interface between two types of soil with special properties. A system where design proposals of natural material covers and alternative material (originating from the same mining residues) covers are developed, was created. This was achieved from laboratory tests simulating the conditions affecting covers in the Atacama Region, and a non-destructive monitoring equipment to register the behaviour of the covers in storing processes and water release. The results were used to gauge design proposals, also as input to the mathematic modelling of cover designs for greater extensions, as well as diverse geometric and climatic conditions.
Mining produces great quantities of residues, that need to be stored correctly in a depository, which creates great engineering challenges in its design, construction and subsequent closure, once its lifetime is over. These residues are increasing each year, as a result of the growing levels of production due to the constant drop of the ore grade in time. This increase, in support of environmental and safety standards, allows the creation of new control and stability techniques in tailings, throughout the operating years as well as the following closure and during the post-closure. One of the main elements to consider at the closure of a tailing depository is the physicochemical stability of the materials once exposed to the environment. In particular, the acid mining drainage (AMD), result of the production of sulphate-rich liquids and heavy metals, has been proven to be harmful to the environment. An element used for the control of this phenomenon is surface covering. Nowadays, one of the challenges the international mining industry faces, is the development of non-traditional covers or substitutes for the ones used in the past, i.e. clay covers or fine materials. Design and efficiency of these covers is conditioned by the non-saturated properties of the soil which it will be constructed with, especially the suction, hydraulic conductivity and its dielectric constant, among others; also, by the climatic conditions of the geographic zone where it will be implemented. The present work seeks to develop a method for the experimental design of tailing depository covers based on the capillary break phenomenon given by the interface between two types of soil with special properties. A system where design proposals of natural material covers and alternative material (originating from the same mining residues) covers are developed, was created. This was achieved from laboratory tests simulating the conditions affecting covers in the Atacama Region, and a non-destructive monitoring equipment to register the behaviour of the covers in storing processes and water release. The results were used to gauge design proposals, also as input to the mathematic modelling of cover designs for greater extensions, as well as diverse geometric and climatic conditions.
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Keywords
QUIEBRE CAPILAR, RELAVES MINEROS, CUBIERTAS ALTERNATIVAS