Thesis Definición de la zona perturbada del macizo rocoso a cielo abierto en función de la geometría del talud y la calidad del macizo rocoso
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Date
2024
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Program
Ingeniería Civil de Minas
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
La industria minera ha tenido un rol fundamental en la formación de la dinámica, económica y social de Chile a lo largo del tiempo. Sus efectos y consecuencias ejercen una influencia directa en múltiples factores, incluyendo el desarrollo económico, la generación de empleo, la estabilidad del tipo de cambio, la inversión, los ingresos gubernamentales, las exportaciones, entre otros aspectos. La actividad minera es responsable de la generación directa de 14,6% del PIB, aunque si se agregan los efectos multiplicadores que tiene en otras industrias su contribución al PIB nacional rondaría el 20% (Winkler, 2023).
La estabilidad geotécnica de taludes en este rubro es fundamental al momento de explotar un yacimiento a cielo abierto, para realizar operaciones rentables y seguras, por esto es fundamental asegurar la estabilidad de estos taludes. En las últimas décadas se han planteado nuevas formas de determinar el daño inducido por tronadura en la construcción de los taludes. De acuerdo con el criterio de Hoek & Brown, el Factor D corresponde a la zona de perturbación del macizo rocoso por efecto de tronaduras y relajación de esfuerzo (Hoek E. et al., 2002). Luego, para poder crear modelos confiables de estabilidad para la explotación de minas a cielo abierto, es necesario determinar con certeza la zona perturbada producto de la tronadora, dado que se pueden obtener mejores factores de seguridad controlando la tronadura con tal de disminuir el ancho de la zona perturbada, ya que esta zona perturbada se reduce las propiedades del macizo rocoso.
Para el estudio de estas zonas de perturbación, en este trabajo se abordan dos tipos de metodologías, las cuales son la geometría constante en función de la altura del banco propuesto por Hoek & Karzulovic (2000), en el determinan una zona perturbada según el daño por tronadura al momento de realizar el talud. Y también la metodología propuesta por los autores Silva & Gómez (2015), los cuales plantean una zona triangular en la base del talud el cual es proporcional a la altura de este.
Específicamente, se estudia en profundidad la influencia de la variación de parámetros en la zona perturbada desarrollando diferentes modelos de equilibrio límite en 2D en el software Slide2 de Rocscience para determinar cuál de los parámetros geométricos o geomecánicos influye más al momento de obtener el factor de seguridad del talud. Para el modelo de calibración se compara el modelo planteado por los autores Carranza & Hormazábal (2019) de la mina Chuquicamata, Chile. También se analizan cuantitativamente los resultados de las simulaciones con respecto a parámetros porcentuales. Además, se realizan gráficos resumen en donde se observan los parámetros que más influyen en la geometría de la zona perturbada, en donde destacan los parámetros tales como son el UCS, 𝑚𝑖, GSI, factor de perturbación D.
Los resultados muestran que los parámetros geométricos afectan más a las metodologías de zona perturbada de banco doble (30 m), siendo la metodología de Hoek & Karzulovic con 1 altura de banco la más conservadora en los valores de FS, teniendo variaciones notables entre metodologías de zona perturbada de hasta un 20%, además, de manera similar ocurre con las propiedades geomecánicas, llegando a variaciones de hasta un 15% entre metodologías de zona perturbada. El GSI es otro parámetro que presenta grandes variaciones entre metodologías de zona perturbada, siendo la más conservadora la metodología de Hoek & Karzulovic con 1 altura de banco, presentando variaciones con otras metodologías en banco simple y doble, siendo estas variaciones en banco simple un 22.9% y en banco doble un 22.1% con otras metodologías en términos de FS.
The mining industry has played a fundamental role in shaping the economic and social dynamics of Chile over time. Its effects and consequences have a direct influence on multiple factors, including economic development, job creation, exchange rate stability, investment, government revenue, exports, among other aspects. Mining activity is responsible for generating 14.6% of GDP directly, although if the multiplier effects it has on other industries are added, its contribution to national GDP would be around 20% (Winkler, 2023). The geotechnical stability of slopes in this sector is fundamental when exploiting an open-pit mine, to carry out profitable and safe operations, therefore it is essential to ensure the stability of these slopes. In recent decades, new ways of determining the damage induced by blasting in the construction of slopes have been proposed. According to the Hoek & Brown criterion, the D Factor corresponds to the zone of disturbance of the rock mass due to blasting and stress relaxation (Hoek E. et al., 2002). Then, to be able to create reliable stability models for open-pit mining, it is necessary to determine with certainty the disturbed zone resulting from the blasting, since better safety factors can be obtained by controlling the blasting in order to reduce the width of the disturbed zone, since this disturbed zone reduces the properties of the rock mass. For the study of these disturbance zones, this work addresses two types of methodologies. The first is the constant geometry as a function of the bank height proposed by Hoek & Karzulovic (2000), which determines a disturbed zone according to the blasting damage at the time of the slope construction. The second is the methodology proposed by Silva & Gómez (2015), which proposes a triangular zone at the base of the Slope that is proportional to its height. Specifically, the influence of parameter variation in the disturbed zone is studied in depth by developing different 2D limit equilibrium models in the Rocscience Slide2 software to determine which of the geometric or geomechanical parameters influences the most when obtaining the slope safety factor. For the calibration model, the model proposed by the authors Carranza & Hormazábal (2019) of the Chuquicamata mine, Chile, is compared. The results of the simulations are also analyzed quantitatively with respect to percentage parameters. In addition, summary graphs are made where the parameters that most influence the geometry of the disturbed zone are observed, where parameters such as UCS, m_i, GSI, disturbance factor D, stand out. The results indicate that geometric parameters have the most significant impact on the double bank disturbed zone methodologies (30 m). The Hoek & Karzulovic methodology with 1 bank height is the most optimistic in terms of Factor of Safety (FS) values, exhibiting notable variations of up to 20% between different disturbed zone methodologies. Similarly, geomechanical properties also show variations of up to 15% between disturbed zone methodologies. The Geological Strength Index (GSI) is another parameter with substantial variations between disturbed zone methodologies. The Hoek & Karzulovic methodology with 1 bank height is the most optimistic, displaying variations of 22.9% in single bank and 22.1% in double bank compared to other methodologies in terms of FS.
The mining industry has played a fundamental role in shaping the economic and social dynamics of Chile over time. Its effects and consequences have a direct influence on multiple factors, including economic development, job creation, exchange rate stability, investment, government revenue, exports, among other aspects. Mining activity is responsible for generating 14.6% of GDP directly, although if the multiplier effects it has on other industries are added, its contribution to national GDP would be around 20% (Winkler, 2023). The geotechnical stability of slopes in this sector is fundamental when exploiting an open-pit mine, to carry out profitable and safe operations, therefore it is essential to ensure the stability of these slopes. In recent decades, new ways of determining the damage induced by blasting in the construction of slopes have been proposed. According to the Hoek & Brown criterion, the D Factor corresponds to the zone of disturbance of the rock mass due to blasting and stress relaxation (Hoek E. et al., 2002). Then, to be able to create reliable stability models for open-pit mining, it is necessary to determine with certainty the disturbed zone resulting from the blasting, since better safety factors can be obtained by controlling the blasting in order to reduce the width of the disturbed zone, since this disturbed zone reduces the properties of the rock mass. For the study of these disturbance zones, this work addresses two types of methodologies. The first is the constant geometry as a function of the bank height proposed by Hoek & Karzulovic (2000), which determines a disturbed zone according to the blasting damage at the time of the slope construction. The second is the methodology proposed by Silva & Gómez (2015), which proposes a triangular zone at the base of the Slope that is proportional to its height. Specifically, the influence of parameter variation in the disturbed zone is studied in depth by developing different 2D limit equilibrium models in the Rocscience Slide2 software to determine which of the geometric or geomechanical parameters influences the most when obtaining the slope safety factor. For the calibration model, the model proposed by the authors Carranza & Hormazábal (2019) of the Chuquicamata mine, Chile, is compared. The results of the simulations are also analyzed quantitatively with respect to percentage parameters. In addition, summary graphs are made where the parameters that most influence the geometry of the disturbed zone are observed, where parameters such as UCS, m_i, GSI, disturbance factor D, stand out. The results indicate that geometric parameters have the most significant impact on the double bank disturbed zone methodologies (30 m). The Hoek & Karzulovic methodology with 1 bank height is the most optimistic in terms of Factor of Safety (FS) values, exhibiting notable variations of up to 20% between different disturbed zone methodologies. Similarly, geomechanical properties also show variations of up to 15% between disturbed zone methodologies. The Geological Strength Index (GSI) is another parameter with substantial variations between disturbed zone methodologies. The Hoek & Karzulovic methodology with 1 bank height is the most optimistic, displaying variations of 22.9% in single bank and 22.1% in double bank compared to other methodologies in terms of FS.
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Keywords
Estabilidad geotécnica, Tronadura, Factor de seguridad