Thesis APLICACIÓN DE LA TÉCNICA DE ULTRASONIDO PARA DETERMINAR EXPERIMENTALMENTE EL PERFIL DE VELOCIDADES DE PARTÍCULAS CONTENIDAS EN PULPAS O EMULSIONES
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Date
2019
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
La utilización de pulpas cada vez más espesadas en sistemas mineros, trae consigonuevos desafíos para la industria, principalmente en los ámbitos de transporte y depósitode relaves. Por lo anterior, el estudio de las propiedades reológicas en estos sistemasha tomado gran importancia en el diseño y operación en la industria minera. Lo anterior,no solo se presenta en minería, sino que es generalizada a muchas otras industrias cuyosprocesos se ven envueltos en el trabajo con suspensiones.En el último tiempo se han evaluado diversos métodos que permitan la caracterizaciónreológica en línea de fluidos y suspensiones. Una de ellas (y la que motiva este trabajode título) es estimar los parámetros reológicos a partir del perfil de velocidades de unfluido [1]. Se estima que la técnica de medición de perfiles de velocidad ultrasónica (UVPpor sus siglas en inglés: Ultrasonic Velocity Profile) es la técnica más adecuada para lospropósitos mencionados: No es invasiva, las mediciones son prácticamenteinstantáneas, permite mediciones en medios opacos, es portable, de implementaciónrelativamente sencilla y de muy bajo costo en relación a otros métodos de aplicaciónsimilar.En el contexto anterior, este trabajo tiene como objetivo aplicar la tecnología deultrasonido, para la caracterización instantánea de emulsiones y pulpas, midiendoconcentración en régimen estacionario y perfil de velocidades en régimen transiente,con el fin de permitir la determinación de propiedades reológicas. Para ello, se diseñóuna estrategia de medición que concluyó en la confección de un sistema que permite elflujo y recirculación de fluidos (emulsiones y suspensiones) simulando el transporte deestos a través de una canaleta rectangular abierta. El sistema incorpora los sensoresultrasónicos en posición óptima para la captura de los datos necesarios. De igual manera,se diseñó y confeccionó un sistema estacionario, con sensores ultrasónicos posicionadospara la determinación de concentración de sólidos en suspensiones mineras.Los resultados obtenidos en los experimentos de determinación de perfiles de velocidadconcuerdan con los esperados teóricamente, acercándose además al orden de los valoresnominales determinados por otros métodos, validando la eficacia de la técnica. En cuantoa los resultados de los experimentos de determinación concentración, se encontró queson congruentes con los esperados teóricamente, y que se asemejan al comportamientomostrado en estudios realizados en el campo de los alimentos. Los resultados permitenconcluir, además, que es necesaria la evaluación del efecto de otros fenómenos presentes en sistemas acústicos como la atenuación, con el fin de optimizar y mejorarla precisión de resultados. Además, es necesario evaluar el efecto de las característicasde equipos electrónicos principales, como la intensidad de la emisión de ultrasonidos yel ancho de banda y precisión del osciloscopio.
The use of increasingly thickened pulp in mining systems, brings with it new challengesfor the industry, mainly in the fields of transport and deposit of tailings or mining pulpsin general. Therefore, the study of the rheological properties in these systems hasacquired more importance in the design and operation in the mining industry. Thisproblem, not only occurs in mining but is widespread to many other industries whoseprocesses are involved in the work with suspensions, therefore, lately lots of methodshave been evaluated that allow online rheological characterization of fluids andsuspensions. One of them (and the one of main interest for this work) is to estimate therheological parameters from the velocity profile of a fluid [1]. It is estimated that theUltrasonic Velocity Profile (UVP) is the most appropriate technique for the mentionedpurposes: It is not invasive, the measurements are practically instantaneous, it allowsmeasurements in opaque media, it is portable, easy to implement and very low cost inrelation to other methods of similar application.In this context, this work aims to apply the technology of ultrasound, for the instantcharacterization of emulsions and pulps, measuring concentration in steady state andvelocity profile in transient regime, in order to allow the determination of rheologicalproperties. For this, a measurement strategy was designed that concluded in thepreparation of a system that allows the flow and recirculation of fluids (emulsions andsuspensions) simulating the transport of these through an open rectangular channel.The system incorporates the ultrasonic sensors in optimal position to capture thenecessary data. In the same way, a stationary system was designed and made, withultrasonic sensors positioned to determine the concentration of solids in miningsuspensions.The results obtained in the experiments of determination of velocity profiles agree withthe expected, approaching in addition to the order of the nominal values determined byother methods, validating the efficacy of the technique. As for the results of theconcentration determination experiments, it was found that they are consistent withthose theoretically expected, and that they behave similar to studies found in the foodfield. The results also allow us to conclude that it is necessary to evaluate the effect ofother phenomena present in acoustic systems such as attenuation, in order to optimizeand improve the accuracy of results. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of the main electronic equipment characteristics, such as the intensity of the ultrasonicemission and the bandwidth and precision of the oscilloscope.
The use of increasingly thickened pulp in mining systems, brings with it new challengesfor the industry, mainly in the fields of transport and deposit of tailings or mining pulpsin general. Therefore, the study of the rheological properties in these systems hasacquired more importance in the design and operation in the mining industry. Thisproblem, not only occurs in mining but is widespread to many other industries whoseprocesses are involved in the work with suspensions, therefore, lately lots of methodshave been evaluated that allow online rheological characterization of fluids andsuspensions. One of them (and the one of main interest for this work) is to estimate therheological parameters from the velocity profile of a fluid [1]. It is estimated that theUltrasonic Velocity Profile (UVP) is the most appropriate technique for the mentionedpurposes: It is not invasive, the measurements are practically instantaneous, it allowsmeasurements in opaque media, it is portable, easy to implement and very low cost inrelation to other methods of similar application.In this context, this work aims to apply the technology of ultrasound, for the instantcharacterization of emulsions and pulps, measuring concentration in steady state andvelocity profile in transient regime, in order to allow the determination of rheologicalproperties. For this, a measurement strategy was designed that concluded in thepreparation of a system that allows the flow and recirculation of fluids (emulsions andsuspensions) simulating the transport of these through an open rectangular channel.The system incorporates the ultrasonic sensors in optimal position to capture thenecessary data. In the same way, a stationary system was designed and made, withultrasonic sensors positioned to determine the concentration of solids in miningsuspensions.The results obtained in the experiments of determination of velocity profiles agree withthe expected, approaching in addition to the order of the nominal values determined byother methods, validating the efficacy of the technique. As for the results of theconcentration determination experiments, it was found that they are consistent withthose theoretically expected, and that they behave similar to studies found in the foodfield. The results also allow us to conclude that it is necessary to evaluate the effect ofother phenomena present in acoustic systems such as attenuation, in order to optimizeand improve the accuracy of results. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of the main electronic equipment characteristics, such as the intensity of the ultrasonicemission and the bandwidth and precision of the oscilloscope.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
EFECTO DOPPLER, REOLOGIA, ULTRASONIDO, VELOCIDADES DE PARTICULAS