Thesis IMPACTO ECONÓMICO EN LAS REDES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN Y OPORTUNIDADES PARA LOS CLIENTES, DEBIDO AL INGRESO DE PEQUEÑOS MEDIOS DE GENERACIÓN REGULADOS, PRODUCTO DE LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA LEY 20.571
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Date
2015-07
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA. MAGÍSTER EN ECONOMÍA ENERGÉTICA
Campus
Campus Vitacura, Santiago
Abstract
En octubre de 2014, se publicó el reglamento que permite la entrada en
vigencia de la Ley 20.571, conocida como Ley de Generación Distribuida o Ley de
Net – Billing. Es el objetivo de este trabajo determinar el impacto económico de la
entrada en vigencia de esta ley, considerando distinto niveles de penetración de la
generación distribuida y asimismo analizar, desde el punto de vista de los clientes
finales que se conectarán a las redes de distribución, las posibilidades de obtener
utilidades según el marco actual.
Se analizan distintos casos de aplicación en países como Alemania, Brasil y
Japón y se destacan los principales aspectos diferenciadores según cada marco
regulatorio, reconociéndose las variadas formas de fomento, dependiendo de las
motivaciones de cada país. Se presenta la evolución de la generación distribuida en
Chile y las leyes y reglamentos que la componen. Una vez reconocido el contexto
mundial y la forma en cómo se implementa localmente, es posible identificar
modalidades que se diferencian básicamente en el ingreso que perciben los pequeños
medios de generación por cada kWh, de esta forma el Net – Metering, igualará la
tarifa para cada kWh comprado y vendido a la compañía de distribución, el Feed – in
Tariff le asignará un precio mayor a la energía vendida a los distribuidores y el Net –
Billing considerará un precio menor para la energía vendida por los generadores
distribuidos, justificado por las inversiones que hacen las compañías en las redes de
distribución. Este último es el caso chileno.
Se utiliza una topología de red recomendada por la IEEE para modelamiento
de redes de distribución con la finalidad de conocer el efecto en las pérdidas de
energía en distribución para distintos niveles de penetración, dispersión y
concentración, obteniéndose resultados que indican una disminución inicial de las
pérdidas hasta lograr un mínimo en un determinado grado de penetración. Pasado
este nivel, las pérdidas nuevamente se incrementan. Para la obtención de los
resultados, se utilizó el programa DigSilent.
Finalmente se desarrolla un análisis económico para un cliente domiciliario
que decide inyectar energía a la red. Se considera un escenario en el que la cantidad
de energía generada a través de un equipamiento de generación fotovoltaico sea la
misma que consume en un año normal conectado a la red, reconociendo las variables
de irradiancia, estacionalidad y horaria. Para este desarrollo se sensibilizará el ingreso
correspondiente a la venta de energía, el precio de la tecnología y la cantidad de
energía a generar, en la búsqueda de escenarios rentables.
Las principales conclusiones que arroja este estudio demuestran que existen
argumentos favorables, a propósito de la disminución de pérdidas de energía en
distribución, para un mayor incentivo a la generación distribuida, ya sea a través de
subsidios o financiamiento parcial por parte del estado. Por otro lado, sistema
implementado en Chile es de los menos atractivos a nivel mundial y no genera escenarios rentables, a menos que se considere únicamente la variable ahorro de
energía comprada, limitando de esta forma la cantidad de energía generada para
dedicarla exclusivamente al autoconsumo.
In October 2014, the regulation that allows validation of Law 20.571, known as Distributed Generation Act or Net – Billing Act was published. It is the aim of this study to determine the economic impact of the validation of this law, considering different levels of penetration of distributed generation and also analyze, from the customers to be connected to distribution networks point of view, the chances of making profit under the current framework. Various cases are analyzed, applied in countries like Germany, Brazil and Japan and the major differences according to each regulatory framework are highlighted, recognizing the various forms of promotion, depending on the motivations of each country. The development of distributed generation in Chile and the laws and regulations that support it are presented. Once recognized the global context and the way how it is locally implemented, it’s possible to identify patterns that differ primarily in income earned by small generation means per kWh, thus the Net - Metering, will equal the rate for each kWh bought and sold to the distribution companies, the Feed - in Tariff will assign a higher price for energy sold to the distribution companies and the Net- Billing considers a lower price for energy sold by generators distributed, justified by the investments that companies make in the distribution networks. The latter is the case of Chile. A network topology recommended by the IEEE for modeling distribution networks in order to know the effect on energy losses in distribution for different levels of penetration, dispersion and concentration to obtain results indicating an initial decrease in losses down to a minimun degree of penetration. After this level, the losses increase again. The DigSilent software was used to obtain the results. Finally an economic analysis for a home customer who decides to supply energy to the network is developed. It is a considered scenario in which the amount of energy generated by a photovoltaic generation equipment is the same as consumed in a normal year connected to the network, recognizing the variables of irradiance, seasonality and time. For this a sensitivity analysis is developed, where the variables are the income for energy sold, the price of technology and the amount of energy to produce, in the search of profitable scenarios. The main conclusions of this study shows that there are favorable arguments concerning the reduction of energy losses in distribution, for greater incentives for distributed generation, either through subsidies or partial funding from the state. On the other hand, the system implemented in Chile is less attractive worldwide and does not generate profitable scenarios, unless only the purchased energy saving variable is considered, thus limiting the amount of power generated to dedicate solely for consumption.
In October 2014, the regulation that allows validation of Law 20.571, known as Distributed Generation Act or Net – Billing Act was published. It is the aim of this study to determine the economic impact of the validation of this law, considering different levels of penetration of distributed generation and also analyze, from the customers to be connected to distribution networks point of view, the chances of making profit under the current framework. Various cases are analyzed, applied in countries like Germany, Brazil and Japan and the major differences according to each regulatory framework are highlighted, recognizing the various forms of promotion, depending on the motivations of each country. The development of distributed generation in Chile and the laws and regulations that support it are presented. Once recognized the global context and the way how it is locally implemented, it’s possible to identify patterns that differ primarily in income earned by small generation means per kWh, thus the Net - Metering, will equal the rate for each kWh bought and sold to the distribution companies, the Feed - in Tariff will assign a higher price for energy sold to the distribution companies and the Net- Billing considers a lower price for energy sold by generators distributed, justified by the investments that companies make in the distribution networks. The latter is the case of Chile. A network topology recommended by the IEEE for modeling distribution networks in order to know the effect on energy losses in distribution for different levels of penetration, dispersion and concentration to obtain results indicating an initial decrease in losses down to a minimun degree of penetration. After this level, the losses increase again. The DigSilent software was used to obtain the results. Finally an economic analysis for a home customer who decides to supply energy to the network is developed. It is a considered scenario in which the amount of energy generated by a photovoltaic generation equipment is the same as consumed in a normal year connected to the network, recognizing the variables of irradiance, seasonality and time. For this a sensitivity analysis is developed, where the variables are the income for energy sold, the price of technology and the amount of energy to produce, in the search of profitable scenarios. The main conclusions of this study shows that there are favorable arguments concerning the reduction of energy losses in distribution, for greater incentives for distributed generation, either through subsidies or partial funding from the state. On the other hand, the system implemented in Chile is less attractive worldwide and does not generate profitable scenarios, unless only the purchased energy saving variable is considered, thus limiting the amount of power generated to dedicate solely for consumption.
Description
Keywords
LEY DE GENERACIÓN DISTRIBUIDA