Thesis Análisis comparativo de las alternativas para la utilización de curtailment de energía en el norte de Chile: evaluación de la producción de hidrógeno, amoniaco y agua
Loading...
Date
2025-08
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Magíster en Economía Energética
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
La presente tesina analiza las alternativas para el aprovechamiento del curtailment energético en el norte de Chile, concentrándose en la conversión de estos excedentes en vectores energéticos como hidrógeno verde, amoniaco y agua. Durante el año 2023, el desaprovecho energético alcanzaron los 967,3 GWh, lo que representa una oportunidad estratégica para transformar esta energía desperdiciada en productos útiles desde el punto de vista económico, ambiental y energético. El estudio de tesina considera como base un escenario de acceso a energía a bajo costo de PPA cercano a 30 USD/MWh, condición esencial para asegurar la viabilidad técnica y financiera de los proyectos. Se realizó una evaluación comparativa de tecnologías de electrólisis como AWE y PEM así como de métodos de tratamiento de agua como la ósmosis inversa. Desde el punto de vista técnico, la tecnología AWE se posiciona como la más adecuada gracias a su menor consumo energético de 52,56 kWh/kg H₂, su menor CAPEX inicial y una mejor rentabilidad, reflejada en un VAN de 28,7 millones de USD y una TIR del 12 %. Asimismo, se identificó que el uso de agua de mar tratada mediante ósmosis inversa es la alternativa más viable en zonas de alto curtailment, dada su abundancia, escalabilidad y bajo impacto ambiental comparado con fuentes de agua dulce. Los resultados indican que con el nivel actual de vertimiento sería posible, anualmente, producir hasta 15.000 toneladas de hidrógeno verde, o bien 85.000 toneladas de amoniaco, o más de 10 millones de m³ de agua tratada. Sin embargo(...).
This thesis analyzes the alternatives for harnessing energy curtailment in northern Chile, focusing on converting surplus electricity into energy vectors such as green hydrogen, ammonia, and treated water. In 2023, energy curtailment reached 967.3 GWh, representing a strategic opportunity to transform wasted energy into economically, environmentally, and energetically valuable products. The study is based on a scenario assuming low-cost energy access, with a PPA price close to 30 USD/MWh—an essential condition for ensuring the technical and financial viability of the proposed projects. A comparative evaluation of electrolysis technologies, such as Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), as well as water treatment methods like reverse osmosis, was conducted. From a technical standpoint, AWE was identified as the most suitable technology due to its lower energy consumption (52.56 kWh/kg H₂), lower CAPEX requirements, and higher profitability, yielding a Net Present Value (NPV) of USD 28.7 million and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 12%. Additionally, seawater treated through reverse osmosis emerged as the most viable water source in high-curtailment areas, given its abundance, scalability, and lower environmental impact compared to freshwater sources. The results indicate that, under current curtailment levels, it would be possible to annually produce up to 15,000 tons of green hydrogen, 85,000 tons of ammonia, or more than 10 million m³ of treated water. However(...).
This thesis analyzes the alternatives for harnessing energy curtailment in northern Chile, focusing on converting surplus electricity into energy vectors such as green hydrogen, ammonia, and treated water. In 2023, energy curtailment reached 967.3 GWh, representing a strategic opportunity to transform wasted energy into economically, environmentally, and energetically valuable products. The study is based on a scenario assuming low-cost energy access, with a PPA price close to 30 USD/MWh—an essential condition for ensuring the technical and financial viability of the proposed projects. A comparative evaluation of electrolysis technologies, such as Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), as well as water treatment methods like reverse osmosis, was conducted. From a technical standpoint, AWE was identified as the most suitable technology due to its lower energy consumption (52.56 kWh/kg H₂), lower CAPEX requirements, and higher profitability, yielding a Net Present Value (NPV) of USD 28.7 million and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 12%. Additionally, seawater treated through reverse osmosis emerged as the most viable water source in high-curtailment areas, given its abundance, scalability, and lower environmental impact compared to freshwater sources. The results indicate that, under current curtailment levels, it would be possible to annually produce up to 15,000 tons of green hydrogen, 85,000 tons of ammonia, or more than 10 million m³ of treated water. However(...).
Description
Keywords
Curtailment energético, Energías renovables, Producción de agua ultrapura, Viabilidad financiera, Producción industrial sostenible
