Thesis OBTENCIÓN DE POLVO METÁLICO DE COBRE Y CONCENTRACIÓN DE PROTONES, MEDIANTE ELECTRODIÁLISIS REACTIVA
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Date
2017
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El tratamiento de efluentes metalúrgicos es un desafío importante en el procesamientoacuoso de minerales de cobre, ya que en ellos es posible encontrar especies de valorcomercial, tales como ácido sulfúrico y cobre. Además, en este tipo de efluentes seencuentran especies dañinas para la salud de las personas y para el medio ambiente,por lo tanto, no pueden ser descartados directamente.Existen varias formas de tratar los efluentes, sin embargo, en la mayoría de ellas, estosdeben ser reprocesados y/o diluidos, lo que implica mayor costo operacional y lautilización de recursos escasos como lo son la energía y el agua. Es por ello que esnecesario buscar procesos que permitan la recuperación de las especies de valor, yuna alternativa con gran proyección, es el uso de electrodiálisis reactiva (EDR).En la presente investigación, se propone el uso de electrodiálisis reactiva pararecuperar y concentrar protones, y simultáneamente, obtener cobre en forma de polvo,a partir de efluentes metalúrgicos. Para ello se realizaron experimentos de EDR en unacelda batch, utilizando un electrolito sintético con similares características a lasencontradas en purgas de electro obtención. Las variables evaluadas son lasconcentraciones de férrico y cloruro en el electrolito de trabajo, definidas en 0-1-2 [g/l], y0-30 [ppm], respectivamente, además se evaluaron tres niveles de densidad decorriente (300-700-1000 [A/m2]), a cinco niveles de tiempo experimental (0-1-2-3-4 [h]).Toda la investigación fue llevada a cabo en el Laboratorio de Procesos Acuosos delDepartamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y de Materiales (DIMM), de la UTFSM.De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, se demostró la efectividad de la EDR paraobtener polvo metálico de cobre y simultáneamente, concentrar protones en un electrolito ácido. Se logró un transporte de cobre de 4,34±0,12 ; 9,76±0,13 y 15,17±0,37 [mmol] a 300, 700 y 1000 [A/m2], respectivamente, mientras que para el caso del transporte de protones, este fue de 19,86±1,46 [mmol] y 45,06±1,94 a 300 y 700 [A/m2]. En este caso, no se consideraron los resultados a 1000 [A/m2], ya que se detectó transporte de agua hacia el electrolito ácido, lo que provocó una dilución de este. Respecto de los productos, se obtuvo un polvo de cobre, cuya composición fue de 92%Cu y 8% Cu2O, con una granulometría entre 6-8 [um]. El electrolito ácido tuvo unaumento en su concentración de alrededor de 50 [g/l] de H2SO4, con una pureza de99,9%.Un aspecto importante a considerar, es que las impurezas evaluadas (Fe3+ y Cl-), noafectan el desempeño del proceso, ya que con las concentraciones estudiadas, no sepresentaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a transporte iónico o consumoenergético, lo que permite proyectar su uso en purgas de EW.El efecto de la temperatura también fue evaluado, y se determinó que un incremento de1 [ºC] en la temperatura del electrolito, produce un aumento en la velocidad detransporte de Cu2+ y H+ de 19,96 y 69,63 [mmol/h/m2], respectivamente.Finalmente, se diseñó un proceso complementario para reducir los iones férrico aferroso, mediante la reacción del ión con el polvo de cobre generado mediante EDR.Este proceso logró prometedores resultados, al alcanzar el 100% de reducción con elsimple contacto entre el polvo de cobre y el electrolito, utilizando una temperatura de 45[ºC].Con estos resultados obtenidos, se demostró que la EDR es una alternativa con granproyección para el tratamiento de purgas de EW, ya que además de ser un aporte alcuidado del medio ambiente, permite recuperar especies de valor comercial, como loson el cobre y el ácido sulfúrico.Parte de esta memoria fue presentada en el 9th International Copper Conference,Copper 2016, realizado en Kobe, Japón, durante los días 13 a 16 de noviembre de2016.
Treatment of metallurgical effluents is an important challenge in the aqueous processingof copper minerals, because, in them is possible to find commercially valuable species,such as sulfuric acid and copper. Furthermore, in such effluents there are harmfulspecies to the health of people and the environment, therefore they cannot be directlydispose off.There are several ways to treat effluents, however, in most of them, they must bereprocessed and/or diluted, which means to increase the operational cost and the use ofscarce resources such as energy and water. Then it is necessary to search forprocesses that enable the recovery of valuable species, and the use of reactiveelectrodialysis (RED) is an alternative with great prospects.In this investigation, the use of reactive electrodialysis is proposed to recover andconcentrate protons, and simultaneously, to obtain copper in powder form, frommetallurgical effluents. The experiments were performed in a batch cell using a syntheticelectrolyte; this electrolyte has similar composition to the purges of electro winning. Theevaluated variables are the concentrations of ferric and chloride in the workingelectrolyte, defined as 0-1-2 [g / l], and 0-30 [ppm], respectively. In addition, three levelsof current density were evaluated (300-700-1000 [A/m2]), and five-stage experimentaltime (0-1-2-3-4 [h]). All the research was carried out in the Laboratory of AqueousProcesses of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials (DIMM), of theUTFSM.According to the obtained results, the effectiveness of RED, to obtain powder of copperand simultaneously, to concentrate protons in an acidic electrolyte, was demonstrated. Acopper transport of 4.34±0.12 ; 9.76±0.13 and 15.17±0.37 [mmol] at 300, 700 and 1000[A/m2], respectively, was achieved. Whereas, a proton transport, of 19.86±1.46 [mmol]and 45.06±1.94 at 300 and 700 [A/m2]. In this case, the results at 1000 [A/m2] were notconsidered, because a water transport to the acid electrolyte, was detected, and thisunwanted transport caused a dilution of the electrolyte.With respect to the products, a copper powder was obtained, whose composition was92% Cu and 8% Cu2O, with a size distribution between 6-8 [um]. The acid electrolytehad an increase in its concentration of about 50 [g / l] H 2 SO 4, with a purity of 99.9% An important aspect to consider, is the null effect of the impurities evaluated (Fe3+ andCl-). They don’t have an effect in the performance of the process (with theconcentrations studied), and because of there´s no significant differences in ionictransport and energy consumption, the use of RED could be projected to the treatmentof EW purges.The effect of temperature was also evaluated, and an increase of 1[°C] in the electrolytetemperature, causes an increase of Cu2+ and H+ transport rates of 19.96 and 69.63[mmol/h/m2], respectively.Finally, a complementary process to reduce ferric to ferrous by the reaction of the ionwith the powder copper, generated by EDR, was designed. This process achievedpromising results, reaching 100% reduction at the seconds of contact, using atemperature of 45 [°C].With these results, it was demonstrated that the EDR is an alternative with greatprojection for the treatment of EW purges, this process is a contribution to the care ofthe environment, and also, it allows to recover species of commercial value, such ascopper and sulfuric acid.Part of this thesis was presented at the 9th International Copper Conference, Copper2016, held in Kobe, Japan, from November 13 to 16, 2016.
Treatment of metallurgical effluents is an important challenge in the aqueous processingof copper minerals, because, in them is possible to find commercially valuable species,such as sulfuric acid and copper. Furthermore, in such effluents there are harmfulspecies to the health of people and the environment, therefore they cannot be directlydispose off.There are several ways to treat effluents, however, in most of them, they must bereprocessed and/or diluted, which means to increase the operational cost and the use ofscarce resources such as energy and water. Then it is necessary to search forprocesses that enable the recovery of valuable species, and the use of reactiveelectrodialysis (RED) is an alternative with great prospects.In this investigation, the use of reactive electrodialysis is proposed to recover andconcentrate protons, and simultaneously, to obtain copper in powder form, frommetallurgical effluents. The experiments were performed in a batch cell using a syntheticelectrolyte; this electrolyte has similar composition to the purges of electro winning. Theevaluated variables are the concentrations of ferric and chloride in the workingelectrolyte, defined as 0-1-2 [g / l], and 0-30 [ppm], respectively. In addition, three levelsof current density were evaluated (300-700-1000 [A/m2]), and five-stage experimentaltime (0-1-2-3-4 [h]). All the research was carried out in the Laboratory of AqueousProcesses of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials (DIMM), of theUTFSM.According to the obtained results, the effectiveness of RED, to obtain powder of copperand simultaneously, to concentrate protons in an acidic electrolyte, was demonstrated. Acopper transport of 4.34±0.12 ; 9.76±0.13 and 15.17±0.37 [mmol] at 300, 700 and 1000[A/m2], respectively, was achieved. Whereas, a proton transport, of 19.86±1.46 [mmol]and 45.06±1.94 at 300 and 700 [A/m2]. In this case, the results at 1000 [A/m2] were notconsidered, because a water transport to the acid electrolyte, was detected, and thisunwanted transport caused a dilution of the electrolyte.With respect to the products, a copper powder was obtained, whose composition was92% Cu and 8% Cu2O, with a size distribution between 6-8 [um]. The acid electrolytehad an increase in its concentration of about 50 [g / l] H 2 SO 4, with a purity of 99.9% An important aspect to consider, is the null effect of the impurities evaluated (Fe3+ andCl-). They don’t have an effect in the performance of the process (with theconcentrations studied), and because of there´s no significant differences in ionictransport and energy consumption, the use of RED could be projected to the treatmentof EW purges.The effect of temperature was also evaluated, and an increase of 1[°C] in the electrolytetemperature, causes an increase of Cu2+ and H+ transport rates of 19.96 and 69.63[mmol/h/m2], respectively.Finally, a complementary process to reduce ferric to ferrous by the reaction of the ionwith the powder copper, generated by EDR, was designed. This process achievedpromising results, reaching 100% reduction at the seconds of contact, using atemperature of 45 [°C].With these results, it was demonstrated that the EDR is an alternative with greatprojection for the treatment of EW purges, this process is a contribution to the care ofthe environment, and also, it allows to recover species of commercial value, such ascopper and sulfuric acid.Part of this thesis was presented at the 9th International Copper Conference, Copper2016, held in Kobe, Japan, from November 13 to 16, 2016.
Description
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Keywords
EFLUENTES METALURGICOS, ELECTRODIALISIS RADIACTIVA, TRATAMIENTO DE PURGAS, TRATAMIENTO Y PROCESOS DEL COBRE CHILE