Thesis ESTUDIO DE LA CALIDAD GLOBAL DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE LA COMPAÑÍA CONTRACTUAL MINERA CANDELARIA
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El presente trabajo surge de la necesidad de la Gerencia de Desarrollo y Control Gestión de Compañía Contractual Minera Candelaria, de estudiar y analizar a qué se deben los elevados requerimientos de potencia reactiva registrados el año 2012 en las instalaciones de la Compañía. Debido a que la causa puede ser multifactorial, se propone realizar un análisis de la calidad global del servicio eléctrico del sistema de la Compañía. Con la ayuda de herramientas computacionales y con los registros almacenados en el sistema SCADA, se realiza una caracterización de las principales cargas y la modelación del sistema eléctrico. Considerando que las cargas que consumen cerca del 80% de la potencia se encuentran con registros en línea de sus variables, el análisis profundiza especialmente sobre éstas. Al iniciar las actividades de recopilación de antecedentes el año 2012, se recopila información de los sistemas SCADA. En una primera etapa se logra observar que los motores sincrónicos de los molinos de bolas se encuentran operando de manera subexcitada. Una condición de operación ineficiente desde todo punto de vista, ya que la condición que menos solicita la máquina es a factor de potencia unitario. Por otra parte, estos equipos son capaces de suministrar potencia reactiva al sistema, es decir, operar como un condensador sincrónico cuando esto sea necesario. Durante este período se ajustaron las corrientes de campo -marginalmente- de los motores de manera tal que operaran de forma sobreexcitada. Corrigiendo el factor de potencia medio mensual a 98 %. Posteriormente, se consideraron los registros del año 2016 para observar el comportamiento del sistema con los molinos de bolas operando ligeramente sobreexcitados.Sin embargo, persistía la duda de por qué aún así permanecía un recargo, si bien mucho menor, por concepto de reactivos.La tarificación de la potencia reactiva se realiza a través de dos formas: una es la de factor de potencia medio mensual y, la otra, a través de los excedentes de potencia reactiva por sobre el 20% de la potencia activa en intervalos de tiempo integrados en períodos de 15 minutos entre las 8 a.m. hasta las 8 p.m. sin considerar fines de semana. El precio para dicho excedente es definido en el Informe Técnico de Precio de nudo publicado semestralmente por la Comisión Nacional de Energía. Para evitar este recargo es necesario tener un factor de potencia mayor a 98,2% en cada intervalo de 15 minutos durante el período señalado. Respecto al resto de variables analizadas se encuentran todas en los rangos establecido en la norma exceptuando las cargas del open-pit, principalmente palas y perforadoras, que muestran elevada distorsión armónica sobretodo una componente de quinta sobre lo establecido por norma. Se recomienda en este caso evaluar de forma particular este subsistema y/o analizar la modernización de los convertidores de las palas a sistemas con convertidores de 12 pulsos. Como comentario final, no se observan mayores problemas en la calidad de servicio del sistema bajo estudio. No obstante, el personal tiene preocupación por el recargo de reactivos existente. Éste ocurre en casos excepcionales como la salida de servicio para mantenimiento de un molino de bolas. Esta situación podría ser soslayada con la sobreexcitación del resto de los molinos de bola en servicio o realizar estas actividades en períodos no afectos por este concepto. Por otra parte, el recargo por este concepto suele ser marginal y es difícil justificar una inversión mayor, como la modificación de los sistemas de compensación, contando sólo con dicho argumento.
The present work arises from the need of the Development and Management Control Managementof Candelaria Mine Contractual Company to study and analyze why there are high reactive powerrequirements recorded in 2012 in the Company’s facilities. Because the cause can be multifactorial, it isproposed to perform an analysis of the overall quality of the electric service of the Company’s system.Using computational tools and with the records stored in the SCADA system, a characterization of themain loads and modeling of the electrical system is carried out. Considering the charges that consumeabout 80% of the power are found with online records of their variables, the analysis deepens especiallyon these.In the beginning of the background gathering activities in 2012, information on the SCADA systemsis collected. In a first stage it is possible to observe that the synchronous motors of the ball mills areoperating in an underexcited mode. An inefficient operation condition from all points of view, since thecondition that least requests the machine is a unit power factor. On the other hand, these equipmentsare capable of supplying reactive power to the system, that is, to operate as a synchronous capacitorwhen this is necessary. During this period the field currents - marginally - of the motors were adjusted insuch a way that they operated in an overexcited mode. Correcting the monthly average power factor to98 %. Subsequently, the records of the year 2016 were considered to observe the behavior of the systemwith the ball mills operating slightly overexcited. However, the question persisted as to why there stillremained a surcharge, although much lower, for reactives.The pricing of the reactive power is carried out in two ways: one is the average monthly power factor andthe other, through the surplus reactive power over 20% of the active power in time intervals integratedin periods of 15 minutes between 8 a.m. to 8 pm. without considering weekends. The price for thatsurplus is defined in the Technical Report of Base Price published semi-annually by the National EnergyCommission. To avoid this surcharge, it is necessary to have a power factor greater than 98.2% in each15-minute interval during the period indicated.Regarding the rest of the analyzed variables, they are all in the ranges established in the standard exceptfor the loads of the open-pit mine, principally shovels and drills, which show high harmonic distortion,above all a fifth component over what is established by standard. In this case, it is recommended toevaluate this subsystem in particular and / or to analyze the modernization of the converters to systemswith 12-pulse.As a final comment, there are no major problems in the quality of service of the system under study.However, staff is concerned about the existing reagent surcharge. This occurs in exceptional cases suchas the service exit for maintenance of a ball mill. This situation could be avoided with the overexcitationof the rest of the ball mills in service or carry out these activities in periods not affected by this concept.On the other hand, the surcharge for this concept is usually marginal and it is difficult to justify a greaterinvestment, such as the modification of the compensation systems, counting only on that argument.
The present work arises from the need of the Development and Management Control Managementof Candelaria Mine Contractual Company to study and analyze why there are high reactive powerrequirements recorded in 2012 in the Company’s facilities. Because the cause can be multifactorial, it isproposed to perform an analysis of the overall quality of the electric service of the Company’s system.Using computational tools and with the records stored in the SCADA system, a characterization of themain loads and modeling of the electrical system is carried out. Considering the charges that consumeabout 80% of the power are found with online records of their variables, the analysis deepens especiallyon these.In the beginning of the background gathering activities in 2012, information on the SCADA systemsis collected. In a first stage it is possible to observe that the synchronous motors of the ball mills areoperating in an underexcited mode. An inefficient operation condition from all points of view, since thecondition that least requests the machine is a unit power factor. On the other hand, these equipmentsare capable of supplying reactive power to the system, that is, to operate as a synchronous capacitorwhen this is necessary. During this period the field currents - marginally - of the motors were adjusted insuch a way that they operated in an overexcited mode. Correcting the monthly average power factor to98 %. Subsequently, the records of the year 2016 were considered to observe the behavior of the systemwith the ball mills operating slightly overexcited. However, the question persisted as to why there stillremained a surcharge, although much lower, for reactives.The pricing of the reactive power is carried out in two ways: one is the average monthly power factor andthe other, through the surplus reactive power over 20% of the active power in time intervals integratedin periods of 15 minutes between 8 a.m. to 8 pm. without considering weekends. The price for thatsurplus is defined in the Technical Report of Base Price published semi-annually by the National EnergyCommission. To avoid this surcharge, it is necessary to have a power factor greater than 98.2% in each15-minute interval during the period indicated.Regarding the rest of the analyzed variables, they are all in the ranges established in the standard exceptfor the loads of the open-pit mine, principally shovels and drills, which show high harmonic distortion,above all a fifth component over what is established by standard. In this case, it is recommended toevaluate this subsystem in particular and / or to analyze the modernization of the converters to systemswith 12-pulse.As a final comment, there are no major problems in the quality of service of the system under study.However, staff is concerned about the existing reagent surcharge. This occurs in exceptional cases suchas the service exit for maintenance of a ball mill. This situation could be avoided with the overexcitationof the rest of the ball mills in service or carry out these activities in periods not affected by this concept.On the other hand, the surcharge for this concept is usually marginal and it is difficult to justify a greaterinvestment, such as the modification of the compensation systems, counting only on that argument.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
CALIDAD ENERGETICA, FACTORES DE POTENCIA, REQUERIMIENTOS DE REACTIVOS