Thesis ¿SERÁ INDIA LA NUEVA CHINA? LOS FACTORES DETRÁS DE SU CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO SIN PRECEDENTES
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Date
2017
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Campus Vitacura Santiago
Abstract
El presente trabajo, muestra un análisis comparativo con base en indicadores de crecimiento y desarrollo entre las economías de China e India, determinando que India no es "la nueva China" y que es improbable que pueda desplazarla a lo menos en el corto o mediano plazo. Con esta afirmación, se objeta la hipótesis inicial que gatilla la presente investigación.Para dicha elaboración, se comenzó haciendo un levantamiento literario de los distintos autores que han investigado acerca este tema, lo cual permitió crear una fuente de información que sirvió como base de investigación.Paralelamente, se realizó una revisión de los conceptos asociados a la teoría del crecimiento y desarrollo económico, lo que permitió establecer los factores críticos al momento de evaluar y comparar la situación económica entre ambos países. Con esto, se logró crear un modelo de conceptos que resume los principales factores que tiene una economía en crecimiento y que sirvió de apoyo para el desarrollo de esta investigación.EL modelo de conceptos propuesto, presenta la existencia de 4 dimensiones que son representativos con respecto al crecimiento y desarrollo de un país, las cuales son:1. Producción Real: En base a 4 indicadores económicosa. PIB (crecimiento anual en %, precio constante)b. PIB (miles de millones de USD)c. PIB per cápita (USD)d. Balanza Comercial2. Factores Productivosa. Recursos Naturalesb. Trabajoc. Capital (físico y humano)3. Beneficio Social: Se utiliza como índice de comparación el IDH que corresponde al Índice de Desarrollo Humano, el cual está representado por 3 variables:a. Esperanza de Vida al Nacerb. Educaciónc. PIB per cápita (PPA)4. Costo Sociala. Distribución Salarialb. Desigualdad SectorialLuego, se utilizó este modelo para comparar los distintos indicadores de crecimiento y desarrollo entre China e India. Esto se hizo comparando cada uno de los factores inmersos en cada una de estas 4 dimensiones, la cual se hizo una a una, entregando resultados parciales indicando que país desplaza al otro en esa dimensión.Al analizar la “Producción Real”, se obtuvo como resultado que India no es capaz de superar a China, dado que si bien tiene un crecimiento superior al de este país, esta última tiene un impacto global altamente importante, dado que es el mayor exportador del mundo ocupando el segundo puesto en la clasificación de importadores en el mundo y representa un 15,35% de la producción mundial muy por sobre el 3,03% de India. Adicionalmente, se destaca que en cuanto a la producción, es improbable que India sea competitiva respecto a China al menos en el corto mediano plazo, ya que aunque crezca más lentamente seguirá aportando más al crecimiento global.Al analizar los “Factores Productivos”, se obtuvo como resultado que India no es capaz de superar a China, dado que India tiene un importante déficit en infraestructuras que impactan en la productividad del sector manufacturero aportando en bajo porcentaje al PIB total del país, lo que también contribuye a que en términos comerciales sea una economía más cerrada que China. Por otra parte, la incorporación del esfuerzo humano a los procesos productivos trajo como resultado proyecciones favorables al crecimiento del país en el mediano plazo, lo cual no fue suficiente para superar a China en este ámbito, ya que India no cuenta con el capital físico y tecnológico suficiente para generar un mayor nivel de producción.Al analizar el “Beneficio Social”, el cual se llevó a cabo a través del “Índice de Desarrollo Humano”, se obtuvo como resultado que India no es capaz de superar a China, dado que China presenta hoy mejores condiciones sociales que promueven el desarrollo humano, con un IDH de 0,727 ocupando el lugar 90 de 188 países, en comparación con India que tiene un IDH de 0,609 ocupando el lugar 130.Al analizar el “Costo Social”, se obtuvo como resultado que India no es capaz de superar a China, dado que en la actualidad y durante los últimos años, India lidera el ranking de países con más personas en situación de pobreza, con 706 millones de Indios (58% de la población) que sobreviven con 3,1 dólares al día (medidos en PPA) frente a 365 millones de Chinos en la misma situación. Uno de los grandes retos que tiene India hoy es disminuir la desigualdad social que enfrenta.Finalmente, se consolidaron los resultados de cada una de las 4 dimensiones inmersas en el modelo conceptual propuesto, logrando resolver la validez de la hipótesis en estudio, determinando que India no es la nueva China y que aún se encuentra muy lejos de superarla. Sin embargo, se destaca que India irá adquiriendo un papel cada vez más relevante como motor de la economía global.
This paper shows a comparative analysis based on indicators of growth and development between the economies of China and India, determining that India is not "the new China" and that it is unlikely to be able to displace at least in the short or medium term. With this assertion, the initial hypothesis that triggers the present investigation is objectified.For this elaboration, a literary survey of the different authors who have investigated on this subject has been initiated, which allowed to create a source of information that served as base of investigation.At the same time, a review about the concepts associated with growth and economic development theory has been made, which allowed us to establish the critical factors at the time to evaluate and compare the economic situation between both countries. With this, it was possible to create a model of concepts that summarize the main factors that a growing economy has and that served as support for the development of this research.The proposed model of concepts presents the existence of 4 dimensions that are representative with respect to the growth and development of a country, which are:1. Real Production: Based on 4 economic indicatorsa. GDP (annual growth in %, constant price)b. GDP (millions of USD)c. GDP per capita (USD)d. Balance of Trade2. Productive Factorsa. Natural Resourcesb. Workc. Capital (Physical and Human)3. Social Benefit: corresponds to the index of comparison of HDI that corresponds to the Human Development Index, which is represented by 3 variables:a. Life Expectancy at Birthb. Educationc. GDP per capita (PPP)4. Social Costa. Wage Distributionb. Sector InequalityThis model was then used for comparate growth and development indicators between China and India. This was done by comparing each of the factors immersed in each of these 4 dimensions, which has been made one on one, delivering partial results indicating which country displace the other in that dimension.Analyzing the "Real Production", the result was that India is not able to overcome to China, given that although it has a higher growth than this country, the latter has a highly important global impact, since it is the world largest exporter, ranked second in the ranking of importers in the world and represents a 15.35% of the world production way above the 3.03% of India. In addition, it is remarkable that in terms of production, India is unlikely to be competitive in a short term to China, given that although it grows more slowly it will continue to contribute more to the global growth.As a result of the analysis of the "Productivity Factors", India was unable to overcome a China, since India has a significant deficit in infrastructure which has an impact on the manufacturing sector productivity, contributing a low percentage of the total GDP of the country. On the other hand, the incorporation of human effort into productive processes resulted in favorable projections for the country's growth in the medium term, which was not enough to overcome a China in this area, since India does not have the physical capital and Technology to generate a higher level of production.Analyzing the "Social Benefit", which was carried out through the "Human Development Index", resulted that India is not able to overcome to China, given that today China has better social conditions that promote human development, with a HDI of 0.727 occupying the 90th place in 188 countries, while India has an HDI of 0.609 occupying the 130th place.As a result of the analysis of the "Social Cost", the result was that India is not able to overcome China, since at the present and in the last years, India leads the ranking of countries with more people in poverty with 706 Millions Of Indians (58% of the population) survive with $ 3.1 a day (measured in PPP) versus 365 million Chinese in the same situation. One of the great challenges that India has today is to decrease the social inequality that it faces.Finally, the results of each of the 4 dimensions immersed in the proposed conceptual model were consolidated, solving the validity of the hypotheses under study, determining that India is not the new China and that it is still very far from surpassing it. However, India is playing an increasingly important role as the engine of the global economy.
This paper shows a comparative analysis based on indicators of growth and development between the economies of China and India, determining that India is not "the new China" and that it is unlikely to be able to displace at least in the short or medium term. With this assertion, the initial hypothesis that triggers the present investigation is objectified.For this elaboration, a literary survey of the different authors who have investigated on this subject has been initiated, which allowed to create a source of information that served as base of investigation.At the same time, a review about the concepts associated with growth and economic development theory has been made, which allowed us to establish the critical factors at the time to evaluate and compare the economic situation between both countries. With this, it was possible to create a model of concepts that summarize the main factors that a growing economy has and that served as support for the development of this research.The proposed model of concepts presents the existence of 4 dimensions that are representative with respect to the growth and development of a country, which are:1. Real Production: Based on 4 economic indicatorsa. GDP (annual growth in %, constant price)b. GDP (millions of USD)c. GDP per capita (USD)d. Balance of Trade2. Productive Factorsa. Natural Resourcesb. Workc. Capital (Physical and Human)3. Social Benefit: corresponds to the index of comparison of HDI that corresponds to the Human Development Index, which is represented by 3 variables:a. Life Expectancy at Birthb. Educationc. GDP per capita (PPP)4. Social Costa. Wage Distributionb. Sector InequalityThis model was then used for comparate growth and development indicators between China and India. This was done by comparing each of the factors immersed in each of these 4 dimensions, which has been made one on one, delivering partial results indicating which country displace the other in that dimension.Analyzing the "Real Production", the result was that India is not able to overcome to China, given that although it has a higher growth than this country, the latter has a highly important global impact, since it is the world largest exporter, ranked second in the ranking of importers in the world and represents a 15.35% of the world production way above the 3.03% of India. In addition, it is remarkable that in terms of production, India is unlikely to be competitive in a short term to China, given that although it grows more slowly it will continue to contribute more to the global growth.As a result of the analysis of the "Productivity Factors", India was unable to overcome a China, since India has a significant deficit in infrastructure which has an impact on the manufacturing sector productivity, contributing a low percentage of the total GDP of the country. On the other hand, the incorporation of human effort into productive processes resulted in favorable projections for the country's growth in the medium term, which was not enough to overcome a China in this area, since India does not have the physical capital and Technology to generate a higher level of production.Analyzing the "Social Benefit", which was carried out through the "Human Development Index", resulted that India is not able to overcome to China, given that today China has better social conditions that promote human development, with a HDI of 0.727 occupying the 90th place in 188 countries, while India has an HDI of 0.609 occupying the 130th place.As a result of the analysis of the "Social Cost", the result was that India is not able to overcome China, since at the present and in the last years, India leads the ranking of countries with more people in poverty with 706 Millions Of Indians (58% of the population) survive with $ 3.1 a day (measured in PPP) versus 365 million Chinese in the same situation. One of the great challenges that India has today is to decrease the social inequality that it faces.Finally, the results of each of the 4 dimensions immersed in the proposed conceptual model were consolidated, solving the validity of the hypotheses under study, determining that India is not the new China and that it is still very far from surpassing it. However, India is playing an increasingly important role as the engine of the global economy.
Description
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Keywords
ANALISIS COMPARATIVO, ECONOMIA CHINA, ECONOMIA INDIA