Thesis "DESARROLLO DE METODOLOGÍAS PARA LA REPARACIÓN Y REFUERZOS DE ESTRUCTURAS DE TIERRA CRUDA"
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Date
2018
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
CONSTRUCCIÓN CIVIL
Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Actualmente, si se realiza un catastro en términos de construcción en las ciudades y pueblos de nuestropaís, se pueden encontrar edificaciones de diferente data y tipología, tanto estructural como en sumaterial predominante de construcción que, por consiguiente, poseen comportamientos variados frentea solicitaciones sísmicas. En Chile los sismos han sido factor preponderante en el cambio ymodernización de las ciudades, donde en el último siglo se ha pasado de edificaciones de un piso enfachada continua, organizadas en cuadras por la Carta de Indias y construidas con materiales del ordende la masas y la estabilidad por peso como factor estructurante, a sistemas constructivos con un mayorgrado de resistencia ante el sismo, del orden de los entramadados resistentes – acero y hormigónarmado principalmente – donde la ingeniería de cálculo ha colocado sus mayores esfuerzos en cautelarla seguridad de los habitantes e, idealmente, la sobrevivencia de las mismas edificaciones.No obstante en los pueblos menores y arraigados en la ruralidad, la modernidad constructiva oestructural no ha llegado con el mismo ímpetu que en las ciudades, siendo bastante más usual encontraredificaciones de larga data, erigidas con materiales y sistemas constructivos hoy llamados “ancestrales”,de tierra cruda en su mayoría, que forman parte importante de la conformación edificada de dichospueblos, funcionando como edificios municipales, comercio y, principalmente, como viviendasunifamiliares.Por lo anterior, en un evento sísmico los daños, en términos de proporciones, suelen ser mayores en lospueblos rurales que en las mismas ciudades. Otro punto a considerar es que las edificaciones en tierrano son asegurables – como lo puede ser una albañilería armada o confinada - y, en el caso puntual de lasviviendas, se debe reconocer que los propietarios, en su mayoría gente de campo y bajos ingresos, nocuentan con los medios para edificar una obra nueva de calidad con sistemas estructurales modernos encaso de quedar gravemente dañadas sus casas. El Gobierno de Chile ha creado distintos tipos de fondosvía subsidios para la construcción de viviendas unifamiliares nuevas en caso de daño severo de lasconstrucciones originales después de un sismo, pero las alternativas de viviendas propuestas por elMinisterio de Vivienda y Urbanismo en relación a los fondos económicos disponibles, dejan que desearen términos de habitabilidad, confort térmico y terminaciones.Frente a esta realidad, es necesario desarrollar metodologías para la reparación y/o refuerzo deestructuras construidas en base a albañilería en adobe, las que se encuentran en estructuras antiguas,muchas de ellas con carácter patrimonial y rural. Esta necesidad se ha visto ampliamente requeridadespués del terremoto de 2010, donde grandes zonas rurales fueron afectadas.Se abre entonces una alternativa aceptada por los estamentos gubernamentales y municipales para larehabilitación de las antiguas casas en adobe dañadas, optando a los mismos financiamientos víasubsidios de reconstrucción y permitiendo la permanencia de sus propietarios en sus propias viviendas,lo que genera una oportunidad de innovación en tecnologías y técnicas para el mejoramientoestructural del sistema constructivo, con el apoyo de fondos fiscales, destinados a la reconstrucción.Existen trabajos y pruebas de refuerzos estructurales para adobe en Perú, propiciados por laUniversidad Católica del Perú y amparados en la normativa de ese país para vivienda nueva, pero esasinnovaciones no se pueden traspasar directamente el caso chileno, puesto que las condiciones deedificación son distintas.
In present, if a cadastre is made in terms of constructions in the cities and towns of our country, buildingof different dates and types can be found, both structurally and in their predominant constructionmaterial, which have different behaviors in response to seismic solicitations. In Chile, earthquakes havebeen a major factor in the change and modernization of cities, where in the last century they have gonefrom one-story buildings in a continuous façade configuration, organized in blocks by the “Carta ofIndias” and built with materials in the order of the masses and stability by weight as a structuring factor,to constructive systems with a greater degree of resistance to the earthquake, in the order of resistantframes – mainly steel and reinforced concrete - where the calculation engineering has placed itsgreatest efforts in protecting the safety of the people and, ideally, the survival of the buildingsthemselves.However in the smaller rural towns, the constructive or structural modernity has not arrived with thesame impetus as in the cities, being much more usual to find buildings of long date, erected withmaterials and constructive systems today called "ancestral", mostly in mud bricks, which are animportant part of the built conformation of these towns, functioning as public buildings, commerce and,mainly, as single-family homes.Therefore, in a seismic event the damages, in terms of proportions, are usually greater in rural townsthan in the cities. Another point to consider is that buildings made of mud-bricks are not insurable – ascan be in confined masonry - and, in the specific case of housing, it must be recognized that the owners,mostly field people with low income, not have the money to build a new quality house with modernstructural systems in case that their original houses get severely damaged. The Government of Chile hascreated different types of funds and subsidies for the construction of new single-family homes in case ofsevere damage on the original constructions after an earthquake, but the housing alternatives proposedby the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in relation to the economic funds available, leave tobe desired in terms of habitability, thermal comfort and terminations.Faced with this reality, it is necessary to develop methodologies for the repair and / or reinforcement ofstructures constructed on the basis of mud-brick (adobe) masonry, which are found in old structures,many of them with heritage and rural character. This need has been widely required after the 2010earthquake, where large rural areas were affected.It opens an alternative accepted by the governmental and communal estates for the rehabilitation ofdamaged adobe old houses, opting for the same financing through reconstruction subsidies andallowing the permanence of their owners in their own homes, which generates an opportunity forinnovation in technologies and techniques for the structural improvement of the construction system,with the support of fiscal funds, destined for reconstruction. There are works and tests of structuralreinforcements for adobe in Peru, propitiated by the Universidad Católica del Perú and covered by theregulations of that country for new housing, but these innovations can´t be transferred directly to theChilean case, because the building conditions are different.
In present, if a cadastre is made in terms of constructions in the cities and towns of our country, buildingof different dates and types can be found, both structurally and in their predominant constructionmaterial, which have different behaviors in response to seismic solicitations. In Chile, earthquakes havebeen a major factor in the change and modernization of cities, where in the last century they have gonefrom one-story buildings in a continuous façade configuration, organized in blocks by the “Carta ofIndias” and built with materials in the order of the masses and stability by weight as a structuring factor,to constructive systems with a greater degree of resistance to the earthquake, in the order of resistantframes – mainly steel and reinforced concrete - where the calculation engineering has placed itsgreatest efforts in protecting the safety of the people and, ideally, the survival of the buildingsthemselves.However in the smaller rural towns, the constructive or structural modernity has not arrived with thesame impetus as in the cities, being much more usual to find buildings of long date, erected withmaterials and constructive systems today called "ancestral", mostly in mud bricks, which are animportant part of the built conformation of these towns, functioning as public buildings, commerce and,mainly, as single-family homes.Therefore, in a seismic event the damages, in terms of proportions, are usually greater in rural townsthan in the cities. Another point to consider is that buildings made of mud-bricks are not insurable – ascan be in confined masonry - and, in the specific case of housing, it must be recognized that the owners,mostly field people with low income, not have the money to build a new quality house with modernstructural systems in case that their original houses get severely damaged. The Government of Chile hascreated different types of funds and subsidies for the construction of new single-family homes in case ofsevere damage on the original constructions after an earthquake, but the housing alternatives proposedby the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in relation to the economic funds available, leave tobe desired in terms of habitability, thermal comfort and terminations.Faced with this reality, it is necessary to develop methodologies for the repair and / or reinforcement ofstructures constructed on the basis of mud-brick (adobe) masonry, which are found in old structures,many of them with heritage and rural character. This need has been widely required after the 2010earthquake, where large rural areas were affected.It opens an alternative accepted by the governmental and communal estates for the rehabilitation ofdamaged adobe old houses, opting for the same financing through reconstruction subsidies andallowing the permanence of their owners in their own homes, which generates an opportunity forinnovation in technologies and techniques for the structural improvement of the construction system,with the support of fiscal funds, destined for reconstruction. There are works and tests of structuralreinforcements for adobe in Peru, propitiated by the Universidad Católica del Perú and covered by theregulations of that country for new housing, but these innovations can´t be transferred directly to theChilean case, because the building conditions are different.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ALBANILERIA EN ADOBE, REFUERZO ESTRUCTURAL, TIERRA CRUDA