Thesis Estudio de la industria del cultivo de hongos para le implementación productiva en Chile.
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Date
2023-11
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
Este estudio se centra en la industria del cultivo de hongos en Chile, destacado por ser el sector de más rápido crecimiento en el ámbito mundial de la horticultura en las últimas décadas. Se evidencia un notable incremento en el consumo de hongos per cápita en el país, pasando de 300 [g] en 2010 a un rango de 450-700 [g] en 2019, con un predominio del champiñón de Paris. Asimismo, se señala un interés creciente en variedades como la Seta Shiitake y la Seta Ostra. Se muestra como estas variedades, en particular la Seta Ostra, ha conseguido ofrecer precios competitivos y capturar la atención de los consumidores en las principales cadenas de supermercados del país.
En el cultivo de setas de especialidad, como Shiitake, Ostra y Melena de León, la selección de tecnologías y sustratos adecuados es fundamental para una producción eficiente. El estudio evalúa 17 tecnologías de cultivo de alto recurso y 19 de bajo recurso, destacando su aplicabilidad en el contexto chileno. En entornos de bajos recursos, se tiende a adoptar métodos "low-tech", caracterizados por su menor demanda de recursos y energía, y reducción de costos. Estas tecnologías difieren principalmente en el tratamiento de la semilla micelar y el sustrato, y en el uso de equipos que optimizan los tiempos de cultivo.
Además, se resalta la importancia de seleccionar y preparar el sustrato adecuado, siendo el aserrín de madera dura una base esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de estas variedades de setas. La elección correcta del sustrato, junto con la identificación precisa y aplicación de las tecnologías adecuadas, es crucial para maximizar la eficiencia biológica y garantizar un cultivo exitoso. Esta combinación de sustrato optimo y tecnologías adaptadas permite no solo mejorar la productividad, sino también aprovechar las ventajas de las setas de especialidad, como la flexibilidad en el cultivo, la diversificación de productos y la reducción de riesgos de producción. Estos elementos son esenciales para lograr un cultivo exitoso y sostenible de estas setas en Chile.
Se investiga la implementación de plantas productivas tanto en entornos de altos como de bajos recursos. Para los entornos de altos recursos, se elige cultivar las setas Melena de León, Ostra y Shiitake, mientras que en los de bajos recursos se prefiere la Ostra por su sencillez en el cultivo. Ambas opciones muestran atractivo en términos de utilidad operacional, con un especial énfasis en la alternativa de altos recursos. Los costos operacionales varían; en los entornos de altos recursos predominan los costos de insumos, mientras que en los de bajos recursos, los costos laborales son más significativos.
El análisis indica que, aunque la inversión y el conocimiento técnico representan barreras considerables, la facilidad de cultivo y rentabilidad de las setas Ostra son destacables. La Seta Melena de León sobresale por su bajo costo de producción y alto valor de mercado, seguida de cerca por la Ostra y la Shiitake. Se concluye que el aumento de la escala industrial conduce a una reducción en los costos laborales, mientras que los costos de insumos, especialmente los del sustrato, varia fuertemente en función del proveedor.
Este trabajo ofrece una visión integral de la industria del cultivo de hongos en Chile, analizando tanto el contexto cultural y de consumo como las tecnologías y métodos de cultivo aplicables, proporcionando insights valiosos para futuros desarrollos en este sector.
This study focuses on the mushroom cultivation industry in Chile, noted as the fastest-growing sector in global horticulture over the past decades. A substantial increase in per capita mushroom consumption in the country is observed, rising from 300g in 2010 to a range of 450-700g in 2019, with the Paris mushroom predominating. Additionally, there is an increasing interest in varieties such as Shiitake and Oyster Mushrooms. It is demonstrated how these varieties, particularly the Oyster Mushroom, have managed to offer competitive prices and capture consumer attention in the country’s main supermarket chains. In the cultivation of specialty mushrooms like Shiitake, Oyster, and Lion’s Mane, selecting appropriate technologies and substrates is crucial for efficient production. The study evaluates 17 high-resource and 19 low-resource cultivation technologies, highlighting their applicability in the Chilean context. In low-resource environments, "lowtech" methods are often adopted, characterized by lower resource and energy demands, and cost reduction. These technologies mainly differ in the treatment of the mycelial seed and substrate, and in the use of equipment that optimizes cultivation times. Furthermore, the importance of selecting and preparing the appropriate substrate is emphasized, with hardwood sawdust being an essential base for the growth and development of these mushroom varieties. The correct choice of substrate, along with precise identification and application of suitable technologies, is crucial for maximizing biological efficiency and ensuring successful cultivation. This combination of optimal substrate and adapted technologies not only improves productivity but also leverages the advantages of specialty mushrooms, such as flexibility in cultivation, producto diversification, and reduced production risks. These elements are essential for achieving successful and sustainable cultivation of these mushrooms in Chile. The implementation of productive plants in both high-resource and low-resource environments is investigated. For high-resource environments, Lion’s Mane, Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms are chosen for cultivation, while in low-resource environments, the Oyster mushroom is preferred for its simplicity in cultivation. Both options show attractiveness in terms of operational utility, with a special emphasis on the high-resource alternative. Operational costs vary; in high-resource environments, input costs predominate, while in low-resource environments, labor costs are more significant. The analysis indicates that, although investment and technical knowledge present considerable barriers, the ease of cultivation and profitability of Oyster Mushrooms are notable. The Lion’s Mane Mushroom stands out for its low production cost and high market value, closely followed by the Oyster and Shiitake. It is concluded that increasing industrial scale leads to a reduction in labor costs, while input costs, especially those of the substrate, vary greatly depending on the supplier. This work offers a comprehensive view of the mushroom cultivation industry in Chile, analyzing both the cultural and consumption context as well as the applicable technologies and cultivation methods, providing valuable insights for future developments in this sector.
This study focuses on the mushroom cultivation industry in Chile, noted as the fastest-growing sector in global horticulture over the past decades. A substantial increase in per capita mushroom consumption in the country is observed, rising from 300g in 2010 to a range of 450-700g in 2019, with the Paris mushroom predominating. Additionally, there is an increasing interest in varieties such as Shiitake and Oyster Mushrooms. It is demonstrated how these varieties, particularly the Oyster Mushroom, have managed to offer competitive prices and capture consumer attention in the country’s main supermarket chains. In the cultivation of specialty mushrooms like Shiitake, Oyster, and Lion’s Mane, selecting appropriate technologies and substrates is crucial for efficient production. The study evaluates 17 high-resource and 19 low-resource cultivation technologies, highlighting their applicability in the Chilean context. In low-resource environments, "lowtech" methods are often adopted, characterized by lower resource and energy demands, and cost reduction. These technologies mainly differ in the treatment of the mycelial seed and substrate, and in the use of equipment that optimizes cultivation times. Furthermore, the importance of selecting and preparing the appropriate substrate is emphasized, with hardwood sawdust being an essential base for the growth and development of these mushroom varieties. The correct choice of substrate, along with precise identification and application of suitable technologies, is crucial for maximizing biological efficiency and ensuring successful cultivation. This combination of optimal substrate and adapted technologies not only improves productivity but also leverages the advantages of specialty mushrooms, such as flexibility in cultivation, producto diversification, and reduced production risks. These elements are essential for achieving successful and sustainable cultivation of these mushrooms in Chile. The implementation of productive plants in both high-resource and low-resource environments is investigated. For high-resource environments, Lion’s Mane, Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms are chosen for cultivation, while in low-resource environments, the Oyster mushroom is preferred for its simplicity in cultivation. Both options show attractiveness in terms of operational utility, with a special emphasis on the high-resource alternative. Operational costs vary; in high-resource environments, input costs predominate, while in low-resource environments, labor costs are more significant. The analysis indicates that, although investment and technical knowledge present considerable barriers, the ease of cultivation and profitability of Oyster Mushrooms are notable. The Lion’s Mane Mushroom stands out for its low production cost and high market value, closely followed by the Oyster and Shiitake. It is concluded that increasing industrial scale leads to a reduction in labor costs, while input costs, especially those of the substrate, vary greatly depending on the supplier. This work offers a comprehensive view of the mushroom cultivation industry in Chile, analyzing both the cultural and consumption context as well as the applicable technologies and cultivation methods, providing valuable insights for future developments in this sector.
Description
Keywords
Hongos, Cultivo, Planificación de la producción, Control de la producción, Estudio de factibilidad
