Thesis EFECTO DE UN CAMPO ELÉCTRICO MODERADO EN LA DESHIDRATACIÓN DE MANZANAS ROYAL GALA
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Date
2016
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Las frutas realizan aportes a la dieta que son de suma importancia para la salud humana, aportan pocascalorías y son ricas en vitaminas, minerales y antioxidantes, sin embargo su vida útil se ve limitada porsu por su alto contenido de agua, el cual permite el desarrollo de microorganismos. La deshidrataciónmediante el proceso de secado reduce la actividad de agua de los alimentos, aumentando así su vida útil,sin embargo afecta las características organolépticas y la calidad nutricional de éstos. Un tratamientoque preserva la calidad es la deshidratación osmótica, no obstante se trata de un proceso lento. El usode campos eléctricos moderados genera la permeabilización de la membrana celular, mejorando así latransferencia de materia, lo que se refleja en una disminución de los tiempos de proceso.El objetivo de este estudio es reducir el tiempo de proceso en el secado en manzanas Royal Gala apartir del proceso de deshidratación osmótica y la aplicación de un campo eléctrico moderado, a finde mantener las características de calidad de la fruta fresca, tales como textura, color y contenido depolifenoles totales. Se realizaron una serie de experimentos, variando tanto la temperatura (30, 40 y 50[C]) como el campo eléctrico aplicado (9, 13 y 16 [V/cm]), hasta alcanzar la actividad de agua de ladeshidratación osmótica convencional (30 [C] y 180 [min]), determinando así la mejor combinacióntemperatura/campo eléctrico para el posterior proceso de secado convectivo.Los resultados mostraron reducciones en el tiempo de procesamiento que van desde un 50% a un 83%al aplicar un campo eléctrico moderado. Mediante el análisis estadístico el experimento que cumple conla preservación de los parámetros de calidad, esto ya que no existen diferencias significativas respectoal tratamiento de deshidratación osmótica convencional (P >0,05), fue el experimento a 30 [C] y 9[V/cm]. Durante la etapa de secado convectivo, se analizó el secado sin pretratamiento y secado conpretratamiento de deshidratación osmótica con/sin campo eléctrico moderado. El secado con campoeléctrico obtuvo los mejores resultados en cuanto a color y textura, leve pardeamiento y producto blando,sin embargo, en cuanto al contenido de polifenoles totales los mejores resultados fueron para el secado sinpretratamiento. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se concluye que al aplicar un pretratamiento de deshidrataciónosmótica y campo eléctrico moderado al proceso de secado convectivo, se conservan de buena maneralos parámetros de calidad, color y textura, factores críticos para la aceptación de los alimento por partede los consumidores, sin embargo se prolonga el tiempo de secado, pero aún así se obtiene un menortiempo respecto al secado con solo deshidratación osmótica.
Fruits make contributions to the diet that are important to human health. Generally provide few caloriesand are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, however the useful life is limited by its highwater content, which allows the development of microorganisms. Dehydration by the drying processreduces the water activity of food, increasing its useful life, however affects their nutritional quality andorganoleptic characteristics. One treatment that preserve the quality is the osmotic dehydration, but it is aslow process. The use of moderate electric fields generates the permeabilization of the cellular membrane,phenomenon of electroporation, improving the transfer of matter, which is reflected in a decrease of theprocessing times.The aim of this study it’s reduce the processing time in the drying of Royal Gala apples by applyingosmotic dehydration with moderate electric field, in order to maintain the quality characteristics of freshfruit, such as texture, color and total content of polyphenols. A series of experiments were performed,changing the temperature (30, 40 and 50 [C]) and the applied electric field (9, 13 and 16 [V/cm]) toachieve the water activity of the conventional osmotic dehydration (30 [C] and 180 [min]), determiningthe best combination temperature/electric field for the later convective drying process.The results showed reductions in processing time from 50% to 83% when moderate electric field isapplying. By the statistical analysis, the experiment that complies with the preservation of the qualityparameters, because there are no significant differences with the conventional osmotic dehydrationtreatment (P>0.05), was the experiment at 30 [C] and 9 [V/cm]. In the convective drying, it was analyzeddrying without pretreatment and drying with pretreatment of osmotic dehydration with/without moderateelectric field. Drying with electric field obtained the best results in terms of color and texture, mildbrowning and soft product, however in terms of total polyphenol content, the best results were for dryingwithout pretreatment. According to the above, it is concluded that when applying a pretreatment ofosmotic dehydration and moderate electric field to the convective drying process, critical factors for theacceptance of the food by part of consumers, color and texture, are maintained in a good way, however thedrying time is prolonged, but still less time is obtained in drying with only osmotic dehydration.
Fruits make contributions to the diet that are important to human health. Generally provide few caloriesand are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, however the useful life is limited by its highwater content, which allows the development of microorganisms. Dehydration by the drying processreduces the water activity of food, increasing its useful life, however affects their nutritional quality andorganoleptic characteristics. One treatment that preserve the quality is the osmotic dehydration, but it is aslow process. The use of moderate electric fields generates the permeabilization of the cellular membrane,phenomenon of electroporation, improving the transfer of matter, which is reflected in a decrease of theprocessing times.The aim of this study it’s reduce the processing time in the drying of Royal Gala apples by applyingosmotic dehydration with moderate electric field, in order to maintain the quality characteristics of freshfruit, such as texture, color and total content of polyphenols. A series of experiments were performed,changing the temperature (30, 40 and 50 [C]) and the applied electric field (9, 13 and 16 [V/cm]) toachieve the water activity of the conventional osmotic dehydration (30 [C] and 180 [min]), determiningthe best combination temperature/electric field for the later convective drying process.The results showed reductions in processing time from 50% to 83% when moderate electric field isapplying. By the statistical analysis, the experiment that complies with the preservation of the qualityparameters, because there are no significant differences with the conventional osmotic dehydrationtreatment (P>0.05), was the experiment at 30 [C] and 9 [V/cm]. In the convective drying, it was analyzeddrying without pretreatment and drying with pretreatment of osmotic dehydration with/without moderateelectric field. Drying with electric field obtained the best results in terms of color and texture, mildbrowning and soft product, however in terms of total polyphenol content, the best results were for dryingwithout pretreatment. According to the above, it is concluded that when applying a pretreatment ofosmotic dehydration and moderate electric field to the convective drying process, critical factors for theacceptance of the food by part of consumers, color and texture, are maintained in a good way, however thedrying time is prolonged, but still less time is obtained in drying with only osmotic dehydration.
Description
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Keywords
CAMPO ELECTRICO MODERADO, DESHIDRATACION, MANZANAS PROCESO DE SECADO