Thesis SIMULACION DE CAUDALES EN CUENCAS NIVOPLUVIALES A ESCALA DIARIA
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Date
2017
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
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Campus
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
En la actualidad se dispone de numerosos modelos capaces de simular los procesos dederretimiento de nieves y la consecuente escorrentía. En el presente trabajo se analizó elcomportamiento del modelo de simulación hidrológico, CICA-NIVAL, el cual es utilizado en lageneración de caudales medios mensuales sintéticos a partir de información meteorológica de unacuenca en particular, variando la escala de tiempo de análisis, a escala diaria.Para la presente investigación se modificaron algunas expresiones del modelo original deescala mensual, para así poder analizar datos medios diarios de diferentes cuencas. Se analizó unamisma cuenca (cuenta del río Aconcagua) y se compararon sus resultados de escorrentía sintéticaentre el modelo a escala mensual, el modelo a escala diaria y los datos reales medidos. Losresultados numéricos arrojaron que el modelo diario fue un 4,63% menos preciso que el modelomensual en la síntesis de caudales medios mensuales, pero se concluyó tras el análisis de resultadosque simplemente la herramienta de comparación no es capaz de reflejar correctamente la diferenciaentre el universo de datos que trata cada modelo, a pesar de que se analizó el resultado con un 95%de confiabilidad, obviamente el modelo diario aporta información que el modelo mensual no es capazde reproducir.Además, se estudió la incorporación de nuevas fórmulas al modelo logrando mejorar laprecisión de simulación de caudales, por ejemplo, al actualizar la ecuación de estimación del albedo,con la expresión propuestas por el “ECMWF” (European Center for Medium-Range WeatherForecasts) se obtuvieron caudales simulados que se ajustaron mucho mejor a los datos medidosque los valores simulados con la expresión original.Por otro lado, se analizó la incorporación del aporte de la energía cinética de la lluviaimpactando sobre el manto de nieve, a la expresión de energía de derretimiento, y los resultadosdemostraron que el aporte no es significativo comparado con las otras variables que aportan mayorenergía.En otro intento de mejorar el modelo, se actualizó la expresión que determina la temperaturade punto de roció, reemplazándola con dos modelos más contemporáneos. Comparando losresultados obtenidos se determinó que la simulación con estos nuevos modelos resulto ser inferioral modelo original en un 1.6%, lo que indica que para un mejor resultados sería necesario disponerde información a escala diaria de mejor calidad, ya que las mediciones de algunos parámetros deentrada se encuentran gratuitamente solo en formato mensual.Luego, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad de los parámetros de calibración del modelodiario, en donde se determinó que los parámetros que afectaban la escorrentía de forma directa,IIeran los más influyentes, tales como la fracción de agua percolada, el derretimiento y la distribuciónde temperaturas en las diferentes alturas de la cuenca.Se estudió la influencia de diferentes funciones objetivo para el modelo de escala diaria, delo cual se determinó que la implementación de una función más compleja, solo complica el cálculo yaumenta el gasto operacional sin lograr mejoras significativas, por lo que resulta más convenienteaumentar el número de iteraciones y utilizar intervalos más pequeños para los parámetros decalibración, logrando así resultados de escorrentía más precisos.Finalmente, se aplicó el modelo diario y el modelo mensual en otra cuenca (cuenca del ríoMataquito) para determinar si el modelo diario trabajaba de forma correcta, se concluyó que elmodelo logró simular los caudales de la misma manera que el modelo mensual, ya que al igual queéste, no logro representar adecuadamente las crecidas de invierno, cabe destacar que los valoresde caudales medidos pueden estar alterados debido a errores de medición in situ, avalando así elbuen comportamiento del modelo diario.El modelo CICA de escala diaria mejoró la resolución de la información fluviométrica de unacuenca, lo que significa que no solo es útil a la hora de determinar cuánta agua escurre a través deella en un periodo de tiempo, sino que también refleja de forma más detallada el comportamiento delas crecidas a lo largo del año.
Now day there is a big number of models that are able to simulate the different proses of snow meltingand water flow. On this investigation the behavior of the hydrological simulation model “CICA-NIVAL”was analyzed, which it is use to simulate average water flows based on meteorological data of aparticular basin on a monthly scale of time changing it to a daily scale of time.For this research some excretions of the original monthly scale model where modify to allow themodel to interpret average daily data of different basins. After analogizing one basin with the monthlyscale model and the daily scale model, the resulting data was compared to the measured averageflow data of the basin. The numerical results of the comparison showed that the daily scaled modelwas 4.63% less precise than the monthly scaled model flow simulation but after the analysis of theresults the conclusion was that the statistical tool wasn’t representative because it was not able tocompare correctly the different population sizes of the two models even though the analysis was donewith a 95% of confidence, obviously the daily scale model its able to show a lot of information thatthe monthly scale model it is not able to reproduce.The incorporation of new formulas to the model was studied, and it was determinate that someexpression should be actualizes to increase the model precision, one of this formulas it’s the albedoexpression since the modeling results with this newer formula from the “ECMWF” got a betteradjustment to the real measure flow data.The incorporation of the kinetic energy of the rain drops falling over the snow cover was analyzed onthe melting expression, and the results showed that the rain energy was to low compared with all theother parameters so it is not efficient to consider it on the melting process.In other attempt to improve the daily scale model, the dew point temperature expression was replacedwith two different new expressions, but finally the original model was better than the other on a 1.6%which indicates that for a better result with the new expressions it is necessary to find better inputdata on a daily bases, because the free data that its available its usually on a monthly scale.An analysis of the sensitivity of the different calibration parameter of the model was made, the resultsshowed that all the parameter that affected directly the water flow where the most significant to theoutput flow, parameters such as the fraction of underground water, snow melting and temperaturedistribution on the different basins highs.Different goal seek functions where analyzed on this investigation, and the result of this analysisshowed that to use more complicate goal seek function does not get better results, just makes thecalculation proses slower and more difficult, a better solution for this problem, to attempt to get aIVbetter simulations it just to use a bigger number of iteration for modeling, and to use smaller intervalsfor the input calibration parameters.Finally both models (daily and monthly scaled) where used on a different basin to prove the godbehavior of the daily scaled model, the result showed that the daily scaled model was doing a finesimulation since had the same errors than the monthly scaled model, and this errors could beexplained because of wrong data obtained on the real flow measurement proses.The CICA model on a daily time scale made the simulations better than the monthly scaled model,had a better resolution of flow data for a same basin, what it means that its really useful to find outhow much water flows from a basin in a short period of time, but also it shows in a better way all theflow increments thru the year.
Now day there is a big number of models that are able to simulate the different proses of snow meltingand water flow. On this investigation the behavior of the hydrological simulation model “CICA-NIVAL”was analyzed, which it is use to simulate average water flows based on meteorological data of aparticular basin on a monthly scale of time changing it to a daily scale of time.For this research some excretions of the original monthly scale model where modify to allow themodel to interpret average daily data of different basins. After analogizing one basin with the monthlyscale model and the daily scale model, the resulting data was compared to the measured averageflow data of the basin. The numerical results of the comparison showed that the daily scaled modelwas 4.63% less precise than the monthly scaled model flow simulation but after the analysis of theresults the conclusion was that the statistical tool wasn’t representative because it was not able tocompare correctly the different population sizes of the two models even though the analysis was donewith a 95% of confidence, obviously the daily scale model its able to show a lot of information thatthe monthly scale model it is not able to reproduce.The incorporation of new formulas to the model was studied, and it was determinate that someexpression should be actualizes to increase the model precision, one of this formulas it’s the albedoexpression since the modeling results with this newer formula from the “ECMWF” got a betteradjustment to the real measure flow data.The incorporation of the kinetic energy of the rain drops falling over the snow cover was analyzed onthe melting expression, and the results showed that the rain energy was to low compared with all theother parameters so it is not efficient to consider it on the melting process.In other attempt to improve the daily scale model, the dew point temperature expression was replacedwith two different new expressions, but finally the original model was better than the other on a 1.6%which indicates that for a better result with the new expressions it is necessary to find better inputdata on a daily bases, because the free data that its available its usually on a monthly scale.An analysis of the sensitivity of the different calibration parameter of the model was made, the resultsshowed that all the parameter that affected directly the water flow where the most significant to theoutput flow, parameters such as the fraction of underground water, snow melting and temperaturedistribution on the different basins highs.Different goal seek functions where analyzed on this investigation, and the result of this analysisshowed that to use more complicate goal seek function does not get better results, just makes thecalculation proses slower and more difficult, a better solution for this problem, to attempt to get aIVbetter simulations it just to use a bigger number of iteration for modeling, and to use smaller intervalsfor the input calibration parameters.Finally both models (daily and monthly scaled) where used on a different basin to prove the godbehavior of the daily scaled model, the result showed that the daily scaled model was doing a finesimulation since had the same errors than the monthly scaled model, and this errors could beexplained because of wrong data obtained on the real flow measurement proses.The CICA model on a daily time scale made the simulations better than the monthly scaled model,had a better resolution of flow data for a same basin, what it means that its really useful to find outhow much water flows from a basin in a short period of time, but also it shows in a better way all theflow increments thru the year.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
CICA, CUENCAS NIVOPLUVIALES, SIMULACION DE CAUDALES