Thesis ANÁLISIS LEGISLATIVO DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE RELLENOS SANITARIOS EN LA COMUNA DE VALPARAISO
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Date
2018
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Los acuerdos internacionales que Chile ha firmado con otros países y organismos, así como la creciente preocupación por el medioambiente y la salud de la población alrededor de la última década, han llevado al país a requerir un análisis más exhaustivo del estado actual del mercado de los residuos sólidos, el cual se ha desenvuelto sin mayor control sobre sus impactos, generando un escenario poco propicio para el desarrollo económico de autoridades y empresas que se hacen responsables por su manejo, puesto que la prioridad ha recaído en la disposición final antes que otras medidas de valorización. Los gestores de residuos, es decir, aquellos involucrados en el destino de un producto tras el término de su vida útil han operado de manera local y desconectada entre ellos mismos, sin mayor supervisión ni apoyo de las entidades públicas, generando un sistema poco eficiente, sin mayor competencia y con poca transversalidad en el manejo de información.La región de Valparaíso ocupó según el censo 2017, el tercer puesto a nivel nacional de entre las regiones con mayor cantidad de habitantes, en donde se concentra el 10,3% de la población nacional censada y con una tasa de crecimiento anual por sobre la media nacional, alcanzando un promedio empírico cercano al 1,8%. Desde esta población creciente, el Relleno Sanitario El Molle es la empresa de disposición final de residuos sólidos domiciliarios y asimilables a domiciliarios que atiende las necesidades del 57% de los habitantes de la región, principalmente comunas del sector centro sur de la misma. El proyecto de disposición de El Molle, ubicado en la comuna de Valparaíso y licitado a la empresa Stericycle, cuenta con una sección externalizada que opera en el rubro del reciclaje manual por parte de recolectores informales, lo cual representa un potencial de mejora tanto para procesos de la empresa como de los trabajadores independientes, frente a un escenario en constante crecimiento en el tiempo en lo referente a la generación de residuos.El gobierno de Chile puso en vigencia el año 2017 la Ley Marco para la Gestión de Residuos y Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor, denominada ley REP, una herramienta que permitirá regular el mercado de los residuos sólidos y le dará las bases para direccionar esfuerzos entre los participantes o gestores, poniendo como pilar del sistema a los productores de residuos, quienes se verán en la obligación de cumplir metas para cada uno de los productos denominados “prioritarios” (seis tipos de ellos) en una escala donde la prevención de producción residuos es el factor más importante y opuesto a la eliminación de los mismos.La ley Marco constará de normativas complementarias para cada tipo de producto prioritario y potenciará financiamiento de sistemas que competirán por mejores opciones de mercado, gracias a leyes de fomento monetario asociados, así como por las futuras normas para cada residuo en cuestión. Es por esto que cada sector productivo y agentes involucrados cuentan con la oportunidad de generar proyectos que se adhieran a la iniciativa ambiental y puedan unirse a las directivas nacionales con fin de optimizar sus procesos.La información atingente a los residuos sólidos es variante según cada sector al que se referencia, ya sea por razones culturales, demográficas, económicas, entre otros, por lo que es necesario realizar modelaciones y propuestas a escala que puedan solucionar lo presentado de manera puntual y así poder gestionar sistemas de mayor escala, como la presente ley propone; frente a este escenario, se analizó la propuesta original del relleno sanitario El Molle (proyecto aprobado ambientalmente antes de las normativas de disposición y valorización para residuos sólidos) en base a volúmenes esperados por la empresa, para ser comparados bajo una mirada actual según las nuevas leyes, así como un comportamiento poblacional de generación de residuos acorde a la contemporaneidad.Los análisis del mercado de los residuos, centrados en la disposición final en El Molle y su vida útil, fueron basados en la información y proyección entregados en la Resolución de Calificación Ambiental obtenida el 2008 para temas centrales como la población atendida, generación de residuos, volúmenes de acopio y material segregado; variables teóricas indicadas en la RCA que fueron contrastados con información empírica y actual obtenida mediante el censo 2017 e información sobre residuos sólidos entregados tanto por la municipalidad de Valparaíso así como por el desempeño de El Molle.El análisis comparativo entre lo teórico y el comportamiento real fue cuantificado mediante la utilización de modelos matemáticos que proyectaron el crecimiento poblacional y la tasa de generación de basura de las comunas clientes del relleno sanitario, mostrando así que existe una diferencia de 56% entre ambos en lo referido a generación de residuos. Por otra parte, se estimó que la vida útil del proyecto disminuirá 5 años menos de los 20 años esperados por la RCA, mientras que su comportamiento económico, en caso de gestionar a futuro una planta optimizada de segregación y venta de material reciclado, podría llegar generar ingresos cercanos a los 8 millones de pesos, dando una posible oportunidad de negocios que actualmente no forma parte de las directrices del concesionario.Frente al análisis del desafío de gestión planteado, dada la propiedad legal de la municipalidad de Valparaíso sobre El Molle, se observa que la planta tiene potencial de alcanzar su vida útil teórica o mejorarla aún más de lo esperado; siempre que logre gestionar mediante un nuevo licitante que optimice la planta de reciclaje y cumpla la normativa aplicable (situación que hasta la fecha presenta desafíos en la operación del relleno sanitario). El recinto puede adherirse a los sistemas de gestión de la Ley REP de dos formas distintas, la primera consta de transformar a El Molle en un gestor de residuos reciclables, o bien presentarse bajo la ley REP como instalación de recepción y almacenamiento. En cualquiera de estos dos ámbitos, los proyectos le permitirían optar por incentivos económicos que la posicionen como un potente jugador del mercado de los residuos sólidos de la comuna.
The Chilean’s international agreements signed with another countries and organizations as well as the growing environmental and population health concern, have led the country to a more exhaustive analysis about the current status of the waste market, which has developed without greater control of their impacts, thus creating a difficult economic scenarios for authorities and companies that were responsible for their management, as the priority has been the final disposal before another valorization techniques. The solid waste promoters, ergo those who are involved in the destination of a product at end of its useful life had operated in a local way and aside of another one, without higher supervision or support from public entities, inducing an inefficient system without better competency and less information management tranversality.According to 2017 census Valparaíso region occupied the third national place between larger inhabitant ones, which represent 10,3% of national population censed with an annual growth rate above national average, reaching an empiric value of 1,8% from this increasing population, the El Molle sanitary landfill is the company of final disposal for domiciliary solid residue and assimilable ones that serves the 57% requirements of regional inhabitants, mainly center-south placed districts. The project of disposal El Molle, is located in Valparaíso precinct and bidded by Stericycle company have an external division related to manual recycle by informal pickers, which represent a potential of improvement on inner development and independent workers on a constant growth scenario of waste generation over time.On 2017 Chilean government put into effect the Ley Marco para la Gestión de Residuos y Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor law, denominated REP law (by its acronym), as instrument that will permit moderate the waste market and place the basis directions for guide efforts between participants or waste promoters, positioning the waste producers as pillar of the system, who will be obligated to achieve goals for each one of the denominated as priority product (six type of them) on a scale where prevention of waste production is the main and opposite point to solid residue elimination.The law will be conformed by complementary normative for each type of priority product and enhancing the system financing that will compete for better market options, due to associated monetary promotions laws, as well as each residue future norm. That is why each productive sector and involved agents has the opportunity to create projects that joins to the environmental initiative and allows them to work together with national directions to optimize their processes.The information pertinent to solid residue is varied according to every sector it refers to, by cultural reasons, demographic, economic, inter alia, so is necessary to perform modeling and scaled proposals to respond punctually so be able to manage bigger systems as the current law order; In front of this scenario, the original proposal of sanitary landfill El Molle (project environmentally approved before the legal regulations for disposal and valorization of solid residues) was analyzed through the company’s expected volumes to be compared by an actual view from recent law application so to a contemporary populational behavior of residue generation.The waste market analysis, centered on El Molle final disposal and useful life, was based on his resolution of environmental qualification approved on 2008 for subjects as attended population, residue generation, volume accumulation and segregated material; theoretical variables shown in the RCA that was compared with actual and empiric information obtained from 2017 census and solid waste information given by the Valparaiso city council and the company development as well,The comparison between real and theoretical landfill behavior was quantified by mathematical modeling that projects population growth and waste generation rate of its client councils, resulting so the existence of a 56% difference between them referred on the solid waste generation. Otherwise, is expected a 5 year useful life decrease on the landfill from the 20 years mentioned on the RCA, meanwhile the El Molle’s economic behavior, in case of future management of an optimized separation facility with recycled material sale, could generate near 8 million pesos economic income that makes possible a new bussined chance that is not on the concessioner’s plan.According to the analysis of the management propounded, by the Valparaiso’s city council legal property of El Molle, it is concluded that the project has potential to accomplish its theoretical useful life or even exceeder it, if it is possible through a new bidder that optimize the recycling plant and comply with applicable regulation (actually a situation that shows a running problem of the sanitary landfill). The installation is able to adhere to management systems of REP law on two different ways, first one consists of change the denomination of El Molle to be a recyclable solid residue gestor, else be just as a reception and storage installation by REP law. In any case, the projects will permit the contesting for economic incentive that position it as a strong exponent in the precinct’s solid waste market.
The Chilean’s international agreements signed with another countries and organizations as well as the growing environmental and population health concern, have led the country to a more exhaustive analysis about the current status of the waste market, which has developed without greater control of their impacts, thus creating a difficult economic scenarios for authorities and companies that were responsible for their management, as the priority has been the final disposal before another valorization techniques. The solid waste promoters, ergo those who are involved in the destination of a product at end of its useful life had operated in a local way and aside of another one, without higher supervision or support from public entities, inducing an inefficient system without better competency and less information management tranversality.According to 2017 census Valparaíso region occupied the third national place between larger inhabitant ones, which represent 10,3% of national population censed with an annual growth rate above national average, reaching an empiric value of 1,8% from this increasing population, the El Molle sanitary landfill is the company of final disposal for domiciliary solid residue and assimilable ones that serves the 57% requirements of regional inhabitants, mainly center-south placed districts. The project of disposal El Molle, is located in Valparaíso precinct and bidded by Stericycle company have an external division related to manual recycle by informal pickers, which represent a potential of improvement on inner development and independent workers on a constant growth scenario of waste generation over time.On 2017 Chilean government put into effect the Ley Marco para la Gestión de Residuos y Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor law, denominated REP law (by its acronym), as instrument that will permit moderate the waste market and place the basis directions for guide efforts between participants or waste promoters, positioning the waste producers as pillar of the system, who will be obligated to achieve goals for each one of the denominated as priority product (six type of them) on a scale where prevention of waste production is the main and opposite point to solid residue elimination.The law will be conformed by complementary normative for each type of priority product and enhancing the system financing that will compete for better market options, due to associated monetary promotions laws, as well as each residue future norm. That is why each productive sector and involved agents has the opportunity to create projects that joins to the environmental initiative and allows them to work together with national directions to optimize their processes.The information pertinent to solid residue is varied according to every sector it refers to, by cultural reasons, demographic, economic, inter alia, so is necessary to perform modeling and scaled proposals to respond punctually so be able to manage bigger systems as the current law order; In front of this scenario, the original proposal of sanitary landfill El Molle (project environmentally approved before the legal regulations for disposal and valorization of solid residues) was analyzed through the company’s expected volumes to be compared by an actual view from recent law application so to a contemporary populational behavior of residue generation.The waste market analysis, centered on El Molle final disposal and useful life, was based on his resolution of environmental qualification approved on 2008 for subjects as attended population, residue generation, volume accumulation and segregated material; theoretical variables shown in the RCA that was compared with actual and empiric information obtained from 2017 census and solid waste information given by the Valparaiso city council and the company development as well,The comparison between real and theoretical landfill behavior was quantified by mathematical modeling that projects population growth and waste generation rate of its client councils, resulting so the existence of a 56% difference between them referred on the solid waste generation. Otherwise, is expected a 5 year useful life decrease on the landfill from the 20 years mentioned on the RCA, meanwhile the El Molle’s economic behavior, in case of future management of an optimized separation facility with recycled material sale, could generate near 8 million pesos economic income that makes possible a new bussined chance that is not on the concessioner’s plan.According to the analysis of the management propounded, by the Valparaiso’s city council legal property of El Molle, it is concluded that the project has potential to accomplish its theoretical useful life or even exceeder it, if it is possible through a new bidder that optimize the recycling plant and comply with applicable regulation (actually a situation that shows a running problem of the sanitary landfill). The installation is able to adhere to management systems of REP law on two different ways, first one consists of change the denomination of El Molle to be a recyclable solid residue gestor, else be just as a reception and storage installation by REP law. In any case, the projects will permit the contesting for economic incentive that position it as a strong exponent in the precinct’s solid waste market.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ANALISIS LEGISLATIVO, RELLENOS SANITARIOS, RESIDUOS SOLIDOS