Thesis Evolución y análisis histórico de las brechas de género en la educación superior en Chile
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Date
2025-09
Authors
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Program
Ingeniería Comercial
Departament
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Durante las últimas dos décadas, la participación de mujeres en la educación superior chilena ha aumentado significativamente, superando incluso en número a los hombres en matrícula, retención y titulación. Sin embargo, esta aparente equidad formal no se ha traducido en una igualdad sustantiva, ya que persisten brechas de género en la distribución por carreras, los cargos académicos de jerarquía y las condiciones institucionales para la permanencia. Esta investigación de tipo descriptivo-explicativo y de enfoque mixto aborda la evolución histórica de las brechas de género en el ingreso y permanencia en la educación superior en Chile entre 2007 y 2025, poniendo especial énfasis en los factores normativos y sociodemográficos que las configuran. A través del análisis documental de fuentes estadísticas oficiales y literatura especializada, se identifican tres líneas clave: el desarrollo normativo en torno al enfoque de género en el sistema educativo; las diferencias estructurales en el acceso y trayectoria de mujeres en comparación con los hombres; y la influencia de factores como la maternidad, la carga de cuidados y la clase social en las decisiones académicas. Los hallazgos revelan que, si bien se han implementado normativas progresistas y protocolos institucionales en diversas universidades, estos se aplican de manera desigual y suelen depender de la voluntad de las autoridades más que de un compromiso estructural. Del mismo modo, persiste una diferenciación por género en las áreas del conocimiento y las posibilidades de trascender la trayectoria académica para el caso femenino. Se determina con ello que el ingreso y permanencia se ha visto beneficiado de las normativas ministeriales, no obstante sus limitaciones en términos ideológicos y socioculturales continúan resistiendo al cambio a una educación igualitaria para hombres y mujeres en Chile.
Over the past two decades, the participation of women in Chilean higher education has increased significantly, even surpassing men in enrollment, retention, and graduation rates. However, this apparent formal equity has not translated into substantive equality, as gender gaps persist in the distribution of academic programs, hierarchical academic positions, and institutional conditions for student retention. This descriptive-explanatory, mixed-methods study addresses the historical evolution of gender gaps in access to and retention in higher education in Chile between 2007 and 2025, with particular emphasis on the normative and sociodemographic factors that shape them. Through documentary analysis of official statistical sources and specialized literature, three key areas are identified: the normative development of the gender approach within the educational system; structural differences in access and academic trajectories of women compared to men; and the influence of factors such as motherhood, caregiving burden, and social class in academic decisions. The findings reveal that, while progressive regulations and institutional protocols have been implemented at various universities, these are applied unevenly and often depend on the will of authorities rather than a structural commitment. Similarly, gender differentiation persists in areas of knowledge and the possibilities of transcending the academic path for women. It is determined that admission and retention have benefited from ministerial regulations, although their ideological and sociocultural limitations continue to resist change toward equal education for men and women in Chile.
Over the past two decades, the participation of women in Chilean higher education has increased significantly, even surpassing men in enrollment, retention, and graduation rates. However, this apparent formal equity has not translated into substantive equality, as gender gaps persist in the distribution of academic programs, hierarchical academic positions, and institutional conditions for student retention. This descriptive-explanatory, mixed-methods study addresses the historical evolution of gender gaps in access to and retention in higher education in Chile between 2007 and 2025, with particular emphasis on the normative and sociodemographic factors that shape them. Through documentary analysis of official statistical sources and specialized literature, three key areas are identified: the normative development of the gender approach within the educational system; structural differences in access and academic trajectories of women compared to men; and the influence of factors such as motherhood, caregiving burden, and social class in academic decisions. The findings reveal that, while progressive regulations and institutional protocols have been implemented at various universities, these are applied unevenly and often depend on the will of authorities rather than a structural commitment. Similarly, gender differentiation persists in areas of knowledge and the possibilities of transcending the academic path for women. It is determined that admission and retention have benefited from ministerial regulations, although their ideological and sociocultural limitations continue to resist change toward equal education for men and women in Chile.
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Keywords
Educación superior, Brechas de género, Normativa educacional, Factores sociodemográficos, Higher education, Gender gaps, Educational policy, Sociodemographic factors