Thesis Simulación computacional de choques para evaluar el riesgo de lesión en usuarios de scooter eléctricos
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Date
2026-07
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Program
Ingeniería Civil Mecánica
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
El crecimiento explosivo del scooter eléctrico como medio de micromovilidad ha superado con creces la capacidad regulatoria en Chile. La normativa vigente fue pensada para bicicletas y deja vacíos evidentes frente a vehículos que alcanzan velocidades comparables a las de un vehículo motorizado liviano, sin exigencias mínimas de seguridad. A solicitud de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad de Tránsito (CONASET), este trabajo busca cuantificar el riesgo real que corre un usuario de scooter eléctrico al ser impactado por otro vehículo, evidencia clave para fundamentar técnicamente una futura normativa. Para ello, se desarrollaron simulaciones de elementos finitos en LS-DYNA de un scooter eléctrico con un dummy Hybrid III de percentil 50 masculino, impactando dos tipos de vehículos representativos del entorno vial chileno: un automóvil y un carrito de carga. En total, se evaluaron 28 configuraciones entre ambos vehículos, combinando zonas de impacto (frontal, lateral y lateral-motor), velocidad (15 y 25 km/h) y ángulo de colisión (45°, 90° y 135°). A partir de las cinemáticas resultantes, se calcularon los principales criterios biomecánicos de lesión utilizados en la literatura: HIC15, RIC36, BrIC, Nij y CTI, contrastados contra sus umbrales normativos y evaluando sus probabilidades de lesión. Los resultados muestran una fuerte dependencia de la velocidad: mientras a 15 km/h la mayoría de los criterios se mantiene en rangos tolerables, a 25 km/h las probabilidades de lesión craneal y torácica se disparan, llegando en promedio a superar el 80 % de probabilidad de lesión para HIC15 y el 95 % para CTI en las colisiones contra el carrito de carga a 25 km/h. Asimismo, se observó que la geometría del vehículo, más que su masa, determina el mecanismo de lesión, siendo las geometrías complejas las de comportamiento más variable. A partir de estos hallazgos, se plantean recomendaciones concretas orientadas a normativa de velocidad máxima, uso efectivo de casco, diseño de segregadores viales y rediseño de componentes del scooter.
The explosive growth of electric scooters as a micromobility solution has far outpaced regulatory capacity: in Chile, existing traffic laws were designed for bicycles and leave clear gaps for vehicles that can reach speeds comparable to light motor vehicles, without minimum safety requirements. Commissioned by the National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET), this thesis quantifies the real injury risk faced by an electric scooter rider when struck by another vehicle, providing technical evidence to support future regulation. Finite element simulations were carried out in LS-DYNA using an electric scooter with a 50th-percentile male Hybrid III dummy, impacted by two vehicle types representative of Chilean traffic: a car and a cargo tricycle. A total of 28 configurations were evaluated between both vehicles, combining impact zones (frontal, lateral, and lateral-motor), speed (15 and 25 km/h), and collision angle (45°, 90°, and 135°). The resulting kinematics were used to compute the main biomechanical injury criteria reported in the literature—HIC15, RIC36, BrIC, Nij, and CTI—compared against their regulatory thresholds and evaluating their injury probabilities. The results reveal a strong dependence on speed: while most criteria remain in tolerable ranges at 15 km/h, at 25 km/h head and thoracic injury probabilities rise sharply, averaging over an 80% injury probability for HIC15 and 95% for CTI in collisions against the cargo tricycle at 25 km/h. It was also found that vehicle geometry, rather than its mass, determines the injury mechanism, with complex geometries showing the most variable behavior. Based on these findings, concrete recommendations are proposed regarding maximum speed regulation, effective helmet use, road segregator design, and scooter component redesign.
The explosive growth of electric scooters as a micromobility solution has far outpaced regulatory capacity: in Chile, existing traffic laws were designed for bicycles and leave clear gaps for vehicles that can reach speeds comparable to light motor vehicles, without minimum safety requirements. Commissioned by the National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET), this thesis quantifies the real injury risk faced by an electric scooter rider when struck by another vehicle, providing technical evidence to support future regulation. Finite element simulations were carried out in LS-DYNA using an electric scooter with a 50th-percentile male Hybrid III dummy, impacted by two vehicle types representative of Chilean traffic: a car and a cargo tricycle. A total of 28 configurations were evaluated between both vehicles, combining impact zones (frontal, lateral, and lateral-motor), speed (15 and 25 km/h), and collision angle (45°, 90°, and 135°). The resulting kinematics were used to compute the main biomechanical injury criteria reported in the literature—HIC15, RIC36, BrIC, Nij, and CTI—compared against their regulatory thresholds and evaluating their injury probabilities. The results reveal a strong dependence on speed: while most criteria remain in tolerable ranges at 15 km/h, at 25 km/h head and thoracic injury probabilities rise sharply, averaging over an 80% injury probability for HIC15 and 95% for CTI in collisions against the cargo tricycle at 25 km/h. It was also found that vehicle geometry, rather than its mass, determines the injury mechanism, with complex geometries showing the most variable behavior. Based on these findings, concrete recommendations are proposed regarding maximum speed regulation, effective helmet use, road segregator design, and scooter component redesign.
Description
Keywords
Cinemática, Micromovilidad, Scooter eléctrico, Seguridad vial, Accidentes de tránsito, Lesiones, Biomecánica, Regulación vial
