Thesis Producción y almacenamiento de hidrógeno verde para satisfacer la demanda de combustible para vehículos pesados con celdas de combustible (FCEV) en Chile
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Date
2024
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Mecánica
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
Este proyecto de título tiene como objetivo contribuir a la descarbonización de la matriz energética en Chile y fomentar el desarrollo de la producción y almacenamiento de hidrógeno verde. El estudio incluye una revisión bibliográfica sobre electrolizadores tipo PEM y ALK, lo que sienta las bases para estimar la producción de hidrógeno verde en plantas instaladas en el país, dirigidas a abastecer la demanda de vehículos pesados que operan con celdas de combustible (FCEV). Se calculó una demanda total anual de 925.543 toneladas de hidrógeno verde para el sector transporte, específicamente para vehículos pesados en Chile. Desde el punto de vista técnico, se enfatiza el diseño de plantas productivas de hidrógeno alimentadas por parques fotovoltaicos fuera de la red. Se comparan las capacidades productivas según variaciones en la demanda, así como las tecnologías de almacenamiento, incluyendo compresión y licuefacción. Se diseñaron seis plantas ubicadas en San Pedro de Atacama, Rancagua y Osorno, variando la tecnología de generación y el tipo de almacenamiento. Esta variabilidad permitió calcular indicadores económicos como el costo nivelado de almacenamiento de hidrógeno (LCHS), que resultó en un promedio de 0,48 [USD/kgH₂] para almacenamiento gaseoso y 0,99 [USD/kgH₂] para almacenamiento líquido. Además, se determinó el costo nivelado de hidrógeno (LCOH), obteniendo valores de 6,05 [USD/kgH₂] para los electrolizadores PEM y 4,47 [USD/kgH₂] para los electrolizadores ALK, utilizando almacenamiento por compresión, y 24,09 [USD/kgH₂] y 22,56 [USD/kgH₂] para electrolizadores PEM y ALK respectivamente, con almacenamiento por licuefacción. San Pedro de Atacama se destacó por tener el costo nivelado de energía (LCOE) más bajo, con 54,88 [USD/MWh], en comparación con 64,03 [USD/MWh] en Rancagua y 96,04 [USD/MWh] en Osorno. Finalmente, se evaluó el Costo Total de Propiedad (TCO) de vehículos pesados, donde los valores resultaron ser de 2,84 [USD/km], 1,34 [USD/km] y 2,84 [USD/km] para FCEV, ICEV y BEV, respectivamente.
This thesis project aims to contribute to the decarbonization of Chile's energy matrix and promote the development of green hydrogen production and storage. The study includes a bibliographic review of PEM and ALK electrolyzers, laying the foundation for developing models that estimate green hydrogen production in plants installed in the country, aimed at meeting the demand for heavy-duty vehicles operating with fuel cells (FCEV). A total annual demand of 925,543 tons of green hydrogen was calculated for the transportation sector, specifically for heavy-duty vehicles in Chile. From a technical perspective, emphasis is placed on designing hydrogen production plants powered by off-grid photovoltaic parks. Productive capacities are compared based on demand variations, as well as storage technologies, including compression and liquefaction. Six plants were designed, located in San Pedro de Atacama, Rancagua, and Osorno, varying the generation technology and type of storage. This variability allowed for the calculation of economic indicators such as the levelized cost of hydrogen storage (LCHS), which resulted in an average of 0.48 [USD/kgH₂] for gaseous storage and 0.99 [USD/kgH₂] for liquid storage. Additionally, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was determined, with average values of 6.05 [USD/kgH₂] for PEM electrolyzers and 4.47 [USD/kgH₂] for ALK electrolyzers using compression storage, and 24.09 [USD/kgH₂] and 22.56 [USD/kgH₂] for liquefaction storage. San Pedro de Atacama stood out for having the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE), at 54.88 [USD/MWh], compared to 64.03 [USD/MWh] in Rancagua and 96.04 [USD/MWh] in Osorno. Finally, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for heavy-duty vehicles was evaluated, where the values were 2.84 [USD/km], 1.34 [USD/km], and 2.18 [USD/km] for FCEV, ICEV, and BEV, respectively.
This thesis project aims to contribute to the decarbonization of Chile's energy matrix and promote the development of green hydrogen production and storage. The study includes a bibliographic review of PEM and ALK electrolyzers, laying the foundation for developing models that estimate green hydrogen production in plants installed in the country, aimed at meeting the demand for heavy-duty vehicles operating with fuel cells (FCEV). A total annual demand of 925,543 tons of green hydrogen was calculated for the transportation sector, specifically for heavy-duty vehicles in Chile. From a technical perspective, emphasis is placed on designing hydrogen production plants powered by off-grid photovoltaic parks. Productive capacities are compared based on demand variations, as well as storage technologies, including compression and liquefaction. Six plants were designed, located in San Pedro de Atacama, Rancagua, and Osorno, varying the generation technology and type of storage. This variability allowed for the calculation of economic indicators such as the levelized cost of hydrogen storage (LCHS), which resulted in an average of 0.48 [USD/kgH₂] for gaseous storage and 0.99 [USD/kgH₂] for liquid storage. Additionally, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was determined, with average values of 6.05 [USD/kgH₂] for PEM electrolyzers and 4.47 [USD/kgH₂] for ALK electrolyzers using compression storage, and 24.09 [USD/kgH₂] and 22.56 [USD/kgH₂] for liquefaction storage. San Pedro de Atacama stood out for having the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE), at 54.88 [USD/MWh], compared to 64.03 [USD/MWh] in Rancagua and 96.04 [USD/MWh] in Osorno. Finally, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for heavy-duty vehicles was evaluated, where the values were 2.84 [USD/km], 1.34 [USD/km], and 2.18 [USD/km] for FCEV, ICEV, and BEV, respectively.
Description
Keywords
Descarbonización, Ecología Social, Hidrógeno verde
