Thesis IMPLEMENTACION DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTION ENERGETICA EN PLANTAS DE GENERACION DE ENERGIA ELECTRICA CON BIOMASA COMO COMBUSTIBLE
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Date
2017
Authors
MONSALVEZ LOPEZ, MARCO ABELINO
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Abstract
Esta tesis pretende entregar las bases para la implementación de un sistema de gestión energética en centrales de generación de energía eléctrica que utilizan biomasa como combustible, basado en la norma ISO 50001.Este trabajo se llevó a cabo realizando una revisión de la participación de la biomasa en la matriz energética del país, determinando que existen 24 centrales operando con biomasa, con potencias que van desde 1,5 a 67,2 MW, sumando una potencia instalada a febrero del 2017 de 425,9 MW. Además se puede mencionar que existen proyectos con su RCA aprobada por 449 MW y en calificación ambiental 87 MW, pero no hay centrales en construcción, a diferencia de las otras ERNC que en construcción existen en torno a 1.500 MW.Con respecto a la biomasa utilizada en Chile, ésta se concentra en los subproductos de la industria de la madera, tales como cortezas, astillas combustibles, virutas y aserrín. También se ha desarrollado la producción de biomasa a partir de los desechos que quedan en el bosque después de una cosecha, logrando además limpiar el bosque y evitar así incendios forestales. El uso de la biomasa de origen agrícola ha comenzado lentamente, pero ya se está utilizando la paja de trigo, paja de maíz, paja de avena y cascarilla de avena, subproductos de la agricultura que normalmente se queman en el campo.Con el fin de determinar si existe espacio para la incorporación de nuevos proyectos de generación con biomasa (forestal y agrícola), se ha realizado una estimación del potencial que podría lograse una potencia de 256,5 MW y 456 MW respectivamente.Con respecto a la tecnología de generación con biomasa se ha realizado una revisión a los aspectos fundamentales que afectan la eficiencia en el diseño y la operación de las centrales de biomasa. Concluyendo lo determinante que es el diseño eficiente del ciclo de vapor y los parámetros operacionales como temperatura del vapor, vacío en el condensador de la turbina y humedad del combustible. Es así como se pueden tener centrales diseñadas para operar con eficiencia total de un 25% a un 32 %.Entendiendo que la aplicación de un SGE requiere conocer dónde y cómo se consume la energía dentro de la central, se realizó un análisis de los consumos eléctricos propios, obteniendo un valor medio de 9,6% de la potencia total generada. Estos consumos propios son los que deben ser gestionados para lograr la mayor eficiencia posible en el proceso de transformación de energía.Una vez conocido los aspectos técnicos antes mencionado, se introduce el tema conceptual de Sistema de Gestión Energético, SGE, definiendo quienes pueden adoptarlos, qué es un SGE y los pasos para la implementación.En las etapas finales de la Tesis se presenta la propuesta del SGE basado en la norma ISO 50001, desarrollando con mayor detalle los requisitos medulares, como la planificación energética, dentro de la cual se proponen los indicadores de desempeño que se deben tener bajo control en la operación de la central.Se concluye que es recomendable la utilización de un SGE, basado en norma ISO 50001, puesto busca aunar y sistematizar los esfuerzos de la organización para mejorar su gestión energética por medio de la mejora continua.A nivel internacional se indica que la aplicación de un SGE ha permitido lograr una mejora en el desempeño energético en torno del 3 a 10%, donde la implementación puede ser formal, pero no necesariamente certificada para obtener los beneficios.
This thesis aims to provide the foundations for the implementation of an Energy Management System (SGE) in electric power generation plants that use biomass as fuel, based on the ISO 50001 standard.This work was conducted by reviewing the contribution of biomass in the country's energy matrix, establishing that there are 24 plants operating with biomass, with powers from 1.5 to 67.2 MW, making a total of 425.9 MW of installed capacity in February 2017. Also, it may be mentioned that there are projects with an approved RCA of 449 MW and environmental rating of 87 MW, however, there are no power plants under construction, as opposed to the other ERNCs that exist under construction of around 1,500 MW.Regarding the biomass used in Chile, it concentrates on byproducts of the wood industry, such as bark, wood chip, shaving and sawdust. The production of biomass has also been developed from the waste that is left in the forest after harvesting, thus avoiding forest fires. The use of biomass from agricultural origin has begun slowly; but wheat straw, corn straw, oat straw and oat husks are already being used; which are by-products that are normally burned in the field.In order to determine if there is room for the incorporation of new biomass power generation projects (forestry and agriculture), an estimation of the potential that could achieve a power of 256.5 MW and 456 MW each has been made.A review to the fundamental aspects that affect the efficiency in the design and the operation of biomass plants was made in relation to the technology of biomass power generation. Concluding how decisive it is to have an efficient design of the steam cycle and the operational parameters, such as: steam temperature, vacuum on the turbine condenser, and moisture of the fuel. This is how it is possible to have plants designed to operate with total efficiency from 25 % to 32 %. By understanding that the application of a SGE requires knowing where and how the energy is consumed within the power plant, an analysis of the plant's electrical consumption was made, obtaining an average value of 9.6 % of the total generated power. These own consumptions are the ones that must be managed in order to achieve the highest efficiency in the process of energy transformation.After the technical aspects aforementioned were known, the conceptual theme of an Energy Management System (SGE) is introduced. Defining who can adopt them, what an SGE is and the steps towards its implementation.In the final stages of the Thesis, the proposal of the SGE based on ISO 50001 standard is presented, developing the core requirements in further detail, such as; energy planning, where the performance indicators that must be under control in the operation of the plant are proposed.It is concluded that the use of SGE is recommended, based on the ISO 50001 standard, since it seeks to unify and systematize the efforts of the organization to improve its energy management by means of continuous improvement.It is internationally noted that the application of an SGE has allowed an improvement in the energy performance of around 3 to 10 %, where its implementation can be formal, but not necessarily certified in order to obtain its benefits.
This thesis aims to provide the foundations for the implementation of an Energy Management System (SGE) in electric power generation plants that use biomass as fuel, based on the ISO 50001 standard.This work was conducted by reviewing the contribution of biomass in the country's energy matrix, establishing that there are 24 plants operating with biomass, with powers from 1.5 to 67.2 MW, making a total of 425.9 MW of installed capacity in February 2017. Also, it may be mentioned that there are projects with an approved RCA of 449 MW and environmental rating of 87 MW, however, there are no power plants under construction, as opposed to the other ERNCs that exist under construction of around 1,500 MW.Regarding the biomass used in Chile, it concentrates on byproducts of the wood industry, such as bark, wood chip, shaving and sawdust. The production of biomass has also been developed from the waste that is left in the forest after harvesting, thus avoiding forest fires. The use of biomass from agricultural origin has begun slowly; but wheat straw, corn straw, oat straw and oat husks are already being used; which are by-products that are normally burned in the field.In order to determine if there is room for the incorporation of new biomass power generation projects (forestry and agriculture), an estimation of the potential that could achieve a power of 256.5 MW and 456 MW each has been made.A review to the fundamental aspects that affect the efficiency in the design and the operation of biomass plants was made in relation to the technology of biomass power generation. Concluding how decisive it is to have an efficient design of the steam cycle and the operational parameters, such as: steam temperature, vacuum on the turbine condenser, and moisture of the fuel. This is how it is possible to have plants designed to operate with total efficiency from 25 % to 32 %. By understanding that the application of a SGE requires knowing where and how the energy is consumed within the power plant, an analysis of the plant's electrical consumption was made, obtaining an average value of 9.6 % of the total generated power. These own consumptions are the ones that must be managed in order to achieve the highest efficiency in the process of energy transformation.After the technical aspects aforementioned were known, the conceptual theme of an Energy Management System (SGE) is introduced. Defining who can adopt them, what an SGE is and the steps towards its implementation.In the final stages of the Thesis, the proposal of the SGE based on ISO 50001 standard is presented, developing the core requirements in further detail, such as; energy planning, where the performance indicators that must be under control in the operation of the plant are proposed.It is concluded that the use of SGE is recommended, based on the ISO 50001 standard, since it seeks to unify and systematize the efforts of the organization to improve its energy management by means of continuous improvement.It is internationally noted that the application of an SGE has allowed an improvement in the energy performance of around 3 to 10 %, where its implementation can be formal, but not necessarily certified in order to obtain its benefits.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
BIOMASA , ENERGIAS RENOVABLES NO CONVENCIONALES , SISTEMA DE GESTION ENERGETICO
