Thesis ESTUDIO DE RESONANCIA DE ONDAS LARGAS EN LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL CHILENA
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Date
2016
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Considerando el impacto en términos de vidas y daños materiales que los eventos de tsunami hantenido en costas alrededor del mundo, y particularmente en el caso chileno, es necesario estudiar queprocesos físicos tienen una mayor preponderancia en el nivel de riesgo asociado a cada evento. Loanterior permitirá establecer metodologías claras para una mejor planificación del uso de suelo y losprotocolos de evacuación en emplazamientos costeros.Con base en observaciones durante estos eventos, ha sido posible establecer que en diversas localidadeslas olas más destructivas se manifiestan después de la llegada del primer frente del tsunami,a veces horas después del inicio de las alertas de evacuación. Lo anterior da luces sobre la presenciadel fenómeno de resonancia, donde la energía contenida en el tsunami se ve atrapada, existiendo unaamplificación de la amplitud del tsunami debido a las características topo-batimétricas de la costa.Considerando la existencia de múltiples metodologías para el estudio de resonancia, las que usualmentese utilizan en forma independiente, el presente trabajo combina análisis espectral y el método delos elementos finitos asociado a un problema de valores propios. Dicha conjunción permite determinarlos períodos resonantes y los patrones espaciales de amplificación asociados a dichos períodos. Para laprimera metodología se utilizan datos medidos en mareógrafos ubicados en Arica e Iquique. Debido ala naturaleza del método se utilizaron datos correspondendientes a situaciones sin eventos de tsunami,así como también registros para los tsunamis de Maule, Tohoku y Pisagua. Su procesamiento muestraque la resonancia permite explicar un alto porcentaje de la energía asociada a cada uno de los eventosmencionados, lo que sugiere que parte importante de los daños causados por dichos maremotostendrían un origen en la configuración topo-batimétrica. Para cada localidad se identificaron períodosespecíficos asociados a la resonancia.El segundo método muestra la distribución espacial de las amplitudes asociadas a los períodos resonantespreviamente encontrados. Se propone una metodología de selección de los resultados provenientesde este método, encontrándose buena consistencia con los resultados del análisis espectral. La distribución de amplitudes resonantes muestra que la curva de profundidad de 200 metros, que define elancho de la plataforma continental, resulta ser el accidente batimétrico que determina la extensión enplanta de las amplitudes y el valor de los períodos resonantes para la costa norte de Chile.Los resultados son coherentes con el hecho de que zonas con mayor ancho de plataforma (Arica) presentansistemas resonantes asociados a períodos de mayor valor que aquellas donde la fosa se encuentramás próxima a la costa (Iquique). La consistencia de los resultados del presente trabajo con aquellosrealizados por otros autores en la misma zona con un método diferente, permite establecer la validezde la información aquí presentada con miras a la mitigación de riesgos frente a tsunami en las costasdel Norte de Chile. Sin embargo, la metodología es aplicable al resto del país.
Considering the vast impact in terms of human losses and material damage that tsunamis have hadin coastal communities around the world, especially in Chile, it is necessary to study which physicalprocesses are relevant to the risk associated with each event. The previous will enable to establish clearmethodologies for a better land use and improve the evacuation protocols in coastal communities.Based on measurements during these events, it has been possible to establish that waves that arriveafter the first tsunami front have been identified as the most destructive ones. These waves sometimesarrive hours after evacuation alerts have been issued. The previous counts as evidence of resonant effectsassociated with the topographic-bathymetric characteristics of bays and shelves, where tsunamienergy is trapped causing wave-height amplification during a prolonged time.Considering the diverse existing methodologies to study resonance, which are commonly used independently,the present work combines spectral analysis with the finite element method associated toan eigenvalue problem. Such conjunction permits the calculus of the resonant periods and the spatialamplification patterns associated to them (vibration modes). The first methodology uses data measuredin Arica and Iquique. The characteristics of this method require the use of event’s records (Maule,Tohoku and Pisagua) and of eventless records. Their processing shows that resonance explains a highpercentage of the energy present in each event, suggesting that an important part of the damage causedby those tsunamis would have an origin in the topo-bathymetric characteristics. Specific resonantperiods were found for each location.The second methodology shows the spatial distribution of spectral amplitudes related to the resonantperiods previously found. A methodology to discern and select results from this approach is proposed.It shows good agreement with the results obtained by means of spectral analysis. Amplitude distributionshows that the 200 m depth curve, which defines the shelf width previous to the trench, is themain bathymetric feature that defines the 2D horizontal extension of amplitudes and the values ofperiods. These results are coherent with the observed behavior, were zones with a wide continentalshelf have larger resonant periods (Arica), while zones with a narrow continental shelf show smallervalues for the periods (Iquique).The consistency of the results presented here with those proposed by other authors for the same zone,using different methodologies , enables to establish the validity of the periods and their spatial characteristics.The developed methodology aims to mitigate future tsunami damage in in the NorthernChilean coast. However, its applicability is not restricted to this particular zone and can be extendedto the rest of the country.
Considering the vast impact in terms of human losses and material damage that tsunamis have hadin coastal communities around the world, especially in Chile, it is necessary to study which physicalprocesses are relevant to the risk associated with each event. The previous will enable to establish clearmethodologies for a better land use and improve the evacuation protocols in coastal communities.Based on measurements during these events, it has been possible to establish that waves that arriveafter the first tsunami front have been identified as the most destructive ones. These waves sometimesarrive hours after evacuation alerts have been issued. The previous counts as evidence of resonant effectsassociated with the topographic-bathymetric characteristics of bays and shelves, where tsunamienergy is trapped causing wave-height amplification during a prolonged time.Considering the diverse existing methodologies to study resonance, which are commonly used independently,the present work combines spectral analysis with the finite element method associated toan eigenvalue problem. Such conjunction permits the calculus of the resonant periods and the spatialamplification patterns associated to them (vibration modes). The first methodology uses data measuredin Arica and Iquique. The characteristics of this method require the use of event’s records (Maule,Tohoku and Pisagua) and of eventless records. Their processing shows that resonance explains a highpercentage of the energy present in each event, suggesting that an important part of the damage causedby those tsunamis would have an origin in the topo-bathymetric characteristics. Specific resonantperiods were found for each location.The second methodology shows the spatial distribution of spectral amplitudes related to the resonantperiods previously found. A methodology to discern and select results from this approach is proposed.It shows good agreement with the results obtained by means of spectral analysis. Amplitude distributionshows that the 200 m depth curve, which defines the shelf width previous to the trench, is themain bathymetric feature that defines the 2D horizontal extension of amplitudes and the values ofperiods. These results are coherent with the observed behavior, were zones with a wide continentalshelf have larger resonant periods (Arica), while zones with a narrow continental shelf show smallervalues for the periods (Iquique).The consistency of the results presented here with those proposed by other authors for the same zone,using different methodologies , enables to establish the validity of the periods and their spatial characteristics.The developed methodology aims to mitigate future tsunami damage in in the NorthernChilean coast. However, its applicability is not restricted to this particular zone and can be extendedto the rest of the country.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
ANALISIS ESPECTRAL, ELEMENTOS FINITOS, RESONANCIA, TSUNAMI