Thesis Modelo de venta de oro de pequeña minería en América Latina
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Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil de Minas
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar los modelos de venta de oro implementados en la Minería Artesanal y de Pequeña Escala (ASGM) en América Latina, con el fin de identificar sus fortalezas, debilidades y desafíos, y proponer estrategias de mejora orientadas a fomentar la formalización, la sostenibilidad y la equidad en la comercialización del oro. Para ello, se seleccionaron ocho países de la región: Chile, Perú, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Brasil, Venezuela y México, considerando la relevancia del sector ASGM en sus economías y la diversidad de sus marcos institucionales. La metodología empleada combinó el análisis documental de normativas, estudios técnicos y reportes institucionales con entrevistas a especialistas del sector minero, lo que permitió una triangulación de información cualitativa y cuantitativa. Los criterios de análisis incluyeron la formalización, trazabilidad, sostenibilidad ambiental y tecnológica, e inclusión financiera. Los resultados evidencian una alta heterogeneidad entre los modelos de venta existentes. Si bien algunos países, como Chile y Ecuador, presentan esquemas institucionalizados de compra estatal con trazabilidad, la mayoría de los casos muestran una fuerte dependencia de intermediarios informales, prácticas extractivas contaminantes y escasa articulación entre los actores públicos y comunitarios. La informalidad, el uso de mercurio y la falta de acceso a financiamiento constituyen barreras estructurales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector. En base a los hallazgos, se proponen lineamientos generales para un modelo comercial sostenible, estrategias diferenciadas según el tipo de producto comercializado (material bruto, concentrado, doré, esponja, barra refinada) y acciones para fortalecer la cooperación regional en trazabilidad, certificación e inclusión financiera. Se concluye que la transición hacia una comercialización justa y responsable en la ASGM requiere un enfoque progresivo, territorialmente adaptado y sustentado en alianzas público-privadas-comunitarias, con el compromiso activo de los Estados y el mercado internacional.
This research aims to analyze and compare the gold selling models implemented in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) sector in Latin America, in order to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, and to propose improvement strategies that promote formalization, sustainability, and equity in gold commercialization. Eight countries in the region were selected Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico based on the relevance of the ASGM sector in their economies and the diversity of their institutional frameworks. The methodology combined documentary analysis of regulations, technical studies, and institutional reports with interviews conducted with sector specialists, enabling a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data. The analysis focused on key criteria including formalization, traceability, environmental and technological sustainability, and financial inclusion. Findings reveal significant heterogeneity among the commercialization models. While some countries, such as Chile and Ecuador, have institutionalized state purchase schemes with traceability, most cases show a strong reliance on informal intermediaries, polluting extraction practices, and limited coordination among public and community actors. Informality, the continued use of mercury, and lack of access to financing are major structural barriers to the sustainable development of the sector. Based on the findings, this study proposes general guidelines for a sustainable commercial model, differentiated strategies according to the type of gold product (raw material, concentrate, doré, sponge, refined bar), and actions to strengthen regional cooperation in traceability, certification, and financial inclusion. It concludes that the transition toward fair and responsible commercialization in the ASGM sector requires a gradual and context-sensitive approach, supported by public-private-community partnerships and the active engagement of governments and international markets.
This research aims to analyze and compare the gold selling models implemented in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) sector in Latin America, in order to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, and to propose improvement strategies that promote formalization, sustainability, and equity in gold commercialization. Eight countries in the region were selected Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico based on the relevance of the ASGM sector in their economies and the diversity of their institutional frameworks. The methodology combined documentary analysis of regulations, technical studies, and institutional reports with interviews conducted with sector specialists, enabling a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data. The analysis focused on key criteria including formalization, traceability, environmental and technological sustainability, and financial inclusion. Findings reveal significant heterogeneity among the commercialization models. While some countries, such as Chile and Ecuador, have institutionalized state purchase schemes with traceability, most cases show a strong reliance on informal intermediaries, polluting extraction practices, and limited coordination among public and community actors. Informality, the continued use of mercury, and lack of access to financing are major structural barriers to the sustainable development of the sector. Based on the findings, this study proposes general guidelines for a sustainable commercial model, differentiated strategies according to the type of gold product (raw material, concentrate, doré, sponge, refined bar), and actions to strengthen regional cooperation in traceability, certification, and financial inclusion. It concludes that the transition toward fair and responsible commercialization in the ASGM sector requires a gradual and context-sensitive approach, supported by public-private-community partnerships and the active engagement of governments and international markets.
Description
Keywords
Minería artesanal, Comercialización de oro, Formalización, Trazabilidad, Sostenibilidad, América Latina, ASGM, Artisanal mining, Gold commercialization, Formalization, Traceability, Sustainability, Latin America