Thesis Evaluación comparativa de esquemas de control de frecuencia en una microrred aislada basada en generación hidroeléctrica de pequeña escala en el norte de Chile, mediante simulaciones dinámicas y cuasi-dinámicas
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Date
2026-08-04
Authors
Journal Title
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Program
Ingeniería Civil Eléctrica
Departament
Campus
Campus Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Las microrredes aisladas en comunidades rurales del norte de Chile enfrentan desafíos de estabilidad de frecuencia derivados de su baja inercia y de la escasez de recursos de regulación. La localidad de Socaire, en el desierto de Atacama, es abastecida por una microcentral hidroeléctrica de pasada que regula la frecuencia mediante un controlador electrónico de carga (ELC, del inglés electronic load controller), el cual disipa los excedentes de potencia en un banco de resistencias. Dado que la central opera a caudal constante, la energía enviada al lastre implica que una fracción del agua turbinada no entrega beneficio alguno a la comunidad, pérdida crítica bajo el enfoque del nexo agua--energía--alimentos (WEF, del inglés water-energy-food nexus) en uno de los entornos más áridos del planeta. La presente memoria evalúa comparativamente cuatro esquemas de control de frecuencia: (i) regulación mediante ELC, como caso base; (ii) control isócrono de la turbina hidráulica; (iii) integración de un sistema de almacenamiento en baterías (BESS); y (iv) una microrred híbrida coordinada hidro-PV-BESS. Los modelos se implementaron en DIgSILENT PowerFactory, con los umbrales de conmutación del ELC ajustados a partir del perfil de frecuencia registrado en terreno. La metodología combina simulaciones QDS de 24 horas, orientadas a la eficiencia energética e hídrica, con simulaciones RMS ante escalón de carga, desconexión de línea y arranque directo de un motor de inducción, a lo que se suma una evaluación económica a 20 años. Los resultados QDS demostraron que el esquema con ELC disipa entre 567 y 734 kWh diarios según la temporada, equivalentes a turbinar innecesariamente entre 2,86 y 3,71 millones de litros de agua por jornada. La microrred híbrida, con 81,4 kWp de capacidad solar instalada, elimina por completo la disipación térmica y preserva hasta 5,26 millones de litros diarios. Los resultados RMS muestran que(...).
Isolated microgrids in rural communities of northern Chile face frequency stability challenges arising from their low inertia and the scarcity of regulation resources. The town of Socaire, in the Atacama Desert, is supplied by a run-of-river micro-hydropower plant that regulates frequency through an electronic load controller (ELC), which dissipates power surpluses into a resistor bank. Since the plant operates at a constant flow rate, the energy diverted to the ballast means that a fraction of the turbined water delivers no benefit to the community, a critical loss under the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus approach in one of the most arid environments on the planet. This thesis comparatively evaluates four frequency control schemes: (i) ELC-based regulation, as the base case; (ii) isochronous control of the hydraulic turbine; (iii) integration of a battery energy storage system (BESS); and (iv) a coordinated hydro-PV-BESS hybrid microgrid. The models were implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, with the ELC switching thresholds set from the frequency profile recorded on site. The methodology combines 24-hour QDS simulations, aimed at energy and water efficiency, with RMS simulations under a load step, a line disconnection and the direct-on-line starting of an induction motor, together with a 20-year economic assessment. The QDS results showed that the ELC scheme dissipates between 567 and 734 kWh per day depending on the season, equivalent to unnecessarily turbining between 2.86 and 3.71 million liters of water per day. The hybrid microgrid, with 81.4 kWp of installed solar capacity, completely eliminates thermal dissipation and preserves up to 5.26 million liters per day. The RMS results show that(...).
Isolated microgrids in rural communities of northern Chile face frequency stability challenges arising from their low inertia and the scarcity of regulation resources. The town of Socaire, in the Atacama Desert, is supplied by a run-of-river micro-hydropower plant that regulates frequency through an electronic load controller (ELC), which dissipates power surpluses into a resistor bank. Since the plant operates at a constant flow rate, the energy diverted to the ballast means that a fraction of the turbined water delivers no benefit to the community, a critical loss under the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus approach in one of the most arid environments on the planet. This thesis comparatively evaluates four frequency control schemes: (i) ELC-based regulation, as the base case; (ii) isochronous control of the hydraulic turbine; (iii) integration of a battery energy storage system (BESS); and (iv) a coordinated hydro-PV-BESS hybrid microgrid. The models were implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, with the ELC switching thresholds set from the frequency profile recorded on site. The methodology combines 24-hour QDS simulations, aimed at energy and water efficiency, with RMS simulations under a load step, a line disconnection and the direct-on-line starting of an induction motor, together with a 20-year economic assessment. The QDS results showed that the ELC scheme dissipates between 567 and 734 kWh per day depending on the season, equivalent to unnecessarily turbining between 2.86 and 3.71 million liters of water per day. The hybrid microgrid, with 81.4 kWp of installed solar capacity, completely eliminates thermal dissipation and preserves up to 5.26 million liters per day. The RMS results show that(...).
Description
Keywords
Microrredes aisladas, Control de frecuencia, Controlador electrónico de carga, Generación hidroeléctrica, Sistema de almacenamiento en baterías, Energía solar fotovoltaica, Estabilidad de frecuencia, Socaire, Simulación dinámica
