Thesis El enfoque importa. Un análisis a la reforma educacional de Chile en comparación a países de la OCDE.
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Date
2017
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Industrial
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago Vitacura
Abstract
El presente trabajo es un análisis a la Reforma Educacional propuesta por el segundo gobierno de Michelle Bachelet tomando en cuenta el contexto socio-económico actual en el que se encuentra el país. El objetivo principal es estudiar la política de distribución de los fondos a invertir en educación y compararlos con países exitosos como lo son algunos países de la OCDE, esto para responder a la pregunta si la reforma educacional está bien planteada, en términos de focalización e inversión, dado los objetivos de igualdad, inclusión y calidad que en ella se plantean.
Ésta memoria comienza con un diagnóstico a la calidad de la educación en Chile. Para dichos efectos, el presente trabajo se vale de la evidencia que entregan instrumentos como la prueba PISA e indicadores como el ESCS, ambos administrados por la OCDE. El diagnóstico no es alentador, los datos revelan que el rendimiento escolar tiene una correlación positiva con variables como el nivel socio-económico y el tipo de establecimiento al cual el alumno acude. Niños con un entorno socio-ecómico alto que atienden a establecimientos esducacionales privados tienden a tener un mejor rendimiento que aquellos niños en situaciones más vulnerables que asisnten a establecimientos municipales.
Dado este escenario, la memoria se adentra en la reforma educacional del gobierno y en cada una de las leyes que la componen. El análisis cuantitativo de cada una de las leyes, revela que en terminos de inversión, el énfasis esta puesto en la Educación Superior con una inversión total proyectada de un 51% (entre Gratuidad Universal y CFTs Estatales), seguido por la ley de Carrera Docente con un 31% y por último la Educación Escolar 18 %, entre Desmunicipalización, Fin al Lucro, Copago y Selección. La educación pre-escolar, en tanto, con una modesta ley que crea la Subsecretaria de Educación Parvularia, la Intendencia de Educación Parvularia y modifica otros cuerpos legales, la inversión es menos de un 1% del total.
Se revisa entonces la literatura, para entender que dice la evidencia empírica al respecto. Lo sorprendente de revisar la literatura es encontrar una y otra vez que el foco de una buena reforma debe estar en la educación temprana o pre-escolar. Las tasas de retorno, los índices de criminalidad, de salud y otros, dan a entender la importancia que tiene la educación que reciben los niños a edades tempranas previas a su ingreso a la educación escolar.
Teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes investigados, el presente trabajo, plantea una correción (modesta) a la reforma educacional, a modo de corregír la poca inversión en educación pre-escolar que dicha reforma plantea. Para este objetivo, se analiza en detalle el gasto que la gratuidad universal (el proyecto más abisioso) significa, a modo de proponer una modificación a ésta que permita desviar fondos a la construcción de nuevos jardines infantiles para así poder alcanzar una cobertura total a nivel nacional de un 60% para niños en edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 4 años.
Finalmente, se proponen otras modificaciones de carácter más administrativo, que de acuerdo a lo observado en la investigación, son necesarias de incluir en la presente o futuras reformas a la educación.
The following work is an analisys to the Educational Reform issued by the second Michell Bachelet’s administration, it considers the actual socio-economic context in which the country is immersed. The main objective is to study the fund distribution policy used to invest in education, and compare them among successful countries like the ones part of the OECD, this will be necessary to evaluate if the educational reform is appropriate given the objectives of equality and quality that the reform seeks. This investigation begins with an education quality diagnosis of the Chilean educational system. For this purpose, OCDE indicators like ESCS or instruments like PISA test are taken into account. The results of the diagnosis are not the expected ones, the data shows that the children’s performance has a positive correlation to the children’s family income, therefore, children in a enriched environment are more likely to have better scores in school that the ones from lower income families. Therefore, the investigation now goes into the proposed educational reform to see how it is quantitative structured. The research concludes that the focus was mainly in the tertiary education with a 51% investment of the whole reform. The second place is taken by the teacher’s reform with a 31% of the total investment, and at last, the projects that ends with the selection, profits, and subsidy with a 18% of the total investment. The early education was barely touched with a reform that costs less than 1% of the total investment. To see what the actual evidence has to say about investing in education, the literature is reviewed. The results are astonishing, over and over again, the literature tells that good reforms are the ones that have their focus on the early education. The return of investments, the criminality indexes, health reports and others, show that the early education that the children receives has a huge impact in their future capabilities. Considering these facts, the present work proposes a reform to the reform, which basically is a correction to the focus. Most of the investment is placed in the tertiary education and almost none in the early education, so a redistribution policy is advised in order to correct this problem. The goal is to achieve a 60% coverage in early education for the children between 2 and 4 years old. Other administrative modifications are also proposed, those will ensure that this reform or future reforms are aiming the correct target.
The following work is an analisys to the Educational Reform issued by the second Michell Bachelet’s administration, it considers the actual socio-economic context in which the country is immersed. The main objective is to study the fund distribution policy used to invest in education, and compare them among successful countries like the ones part of the OECD, this will be necessary to evaluate if the educational reform is appropriate given the objectives of equality and quality that the reform seeks. This investigation begins with an education quality diagnosis of the Chilean educational system. For this purpose, OCDE indicators like ESCS or instruments like PISA test are taken into account. The results of the diagnosis are not the expected ones, the data shows that the children’s performance has a positive correlation to the children’s family income, therefore, children in a enriched environment are more likely to have better scores in school that the ones from lower income families. Therefore, the investigation now goes into the proposed educational reform to see how it is quantitative structured. The research concludes that the focus was mainly in the tertiary education with a 51% investment of the whole reform. The second place is taken by the teacher’s reform with a 31% of the total investment, and at last, the projects that ends with the selection, profits, and subsidy with a 18% of the total investment. The early education was barely touched with a reform that costs less than 1% of the total investment. To see what the actual evidence has to say about investing in education, the literature is reviewed. The results are astonishing, over and over again, the literature tells that good reforms are the ones that have their focus on the early education. The return of investments, the criminality indexes, health reports and others, show that the early education that the children receives has a huge impact in their future capabilities. Considering these facts, the present work proposes a reform to the reform, which basically is a correction to the focus. Most of the investment is placed in the tertiary education and almost none in the early education, so a redistribution policy is advised in order to correct this problem. The goal is to achieve a 60% coverage in early education for the children between 2 and 4 years old. Other administrative modifications are also proposed, those will ensure that this reform or future reforms are aiming the correct target.
Description
Keywords
Reforma educativa, Políticas públicas, Sistemas educativos, Calidad de la educación
