Thesis APLICACIÓN DE IMPREGNACIÓN A VACÍO Y PERFORACIÓN LÁSER PARA LA POTENCIAL ACELERACIÓN DEL PROCESO DE MARINADO DE CARNE DE CERDO
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Date
2019
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Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María UTFSM. Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
El marinado es el proceso para impregnar productos cárnicos con una solución acuosa compuesta por ingredientes tales como: sal, ácidos, ablandadores, azúcar, fosfatos, condimentos y aromas. El objetivo de este proceso es mejorar el sabor de la carne, suavizar la textura y mejorar la retención de agua. El principal factor limitante del proceso de marinado es el largo tiempo de operación, principalmente debido a una lenta difusión de solución a través del tejido, producido entre otros factores por las bajas temperaturas requeridas para garantizar la seguridad del producto durante el procesamiento. Una de las tecnologías que se han explorado para acelerar el proceso de marinado es la aplicación de la impregnación al vacío. Esta técnica ha demostrado reducir el tiempo de salado en húmedo y promover una distribución más homogénea de la sal. Por otro lado, la micro perforación por un láser de dióxido de carbono (CO2) se ha estudiado para acelerar el proceso de transferencia de masa durante la deshidratación de arándanos con buenos resultados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la impregnación a vacío y micro perforaciones láser en el tiempo de proceso de marinado de carne de cerdo.Las muestras de carne de cerdo se cortaron en un cilindro de 0,4 m de diámetro y 0,07 m de altura para luego realizar la micro perforación en una matriz de puntos de 8x8 con dos disposiciones (cuadrada y en forma de panal), y dos tamaños de poros (radio de poro 113 µm ± 7,18 y 261 µm ± 5,33). La solución de marinado se preparó utilizando agua destilada con cloruro de sodio (80 g/l) y fosfato de sodio (3 g/l). El proceso de marinado se llevó a cabo a 6 ± 2°C durante 60 h. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro tratamientos de marinado; a) marinado estándar como proceso de control, b) muestra sin pre tratamiento sometido a vacío pulsado (pulso con presión absoluta de 6,67 kPa aplicado a las muestras sumergidas durante 5 minutos del proceso, seguido de 5 h de marinado a presión atmosférica) c) pretratamiento, micro-perforación de muestras con láser de CO2 y luego marinado, d) pretratamiento, micro-perforación de muestras con láser de CO2 y luego marinado con el proceso de vacío pulsado. Se determinó a lo largo del tiempo la concentración de sal y humedad mostrando una tendencia ascendente para ambos casos. El proceso de marinado acoplado a una impregnación a vacío y micro perforaciones aceleraron significativamente la transferencia de materia en comparación con el proceso de salado convencional logrando un tiempo de procesamiento aproximadamente 62% más bajo que el proceso estándar. La mayor reducción de tiempo se obtuvo con un tamaño de poro de 113 µm en configuración panal junto con la impregnación a vacío. De acuerdo a estos resultados se concluye que el proceso de impregnación a vacío sumado a micro perforaciones láser reduce el tiempo de proceso de marinado de carne de cerdo.
Marinating is the process to impregnate meat products with an aqueous solution composed of ingredients such as salt, acids, tenderizers, sugar, phosphates, seasonings and flavorings. The objective of this process is to enhance meat flavor, soften texture and improve water retention. The main limiting factor of the marinating process is the large operating time, mainly due to a slow diffusion of solution through the tissue, produced among other factors by the low temperatures required for product safety during processing. One of technologies that have been explored to accelerate the marinating process, is the application of vacuum impregnation. Vacuum impregnation (VI) have demonstrated to reduce the wet-salting time and promoting a more homogeneous distribution of salt. On the other hand, the micro perforation by a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been studied to accelerate mass transfer process during dehydration of blueberries with good results. Give us good results, therefore, the main objective of this work was to determine the effect of vacuum impregnation and laser micro perforations in the process time.Porcine meats were cut in cylinder of 0.4 m diameter and 0.07 m height, and then were microperforated in an 8x8 dot array with two arrangements (square and honeycomb), and two pore sizes (pore radio of 113 µm ± 7.18 µm and 261 µm ± 5.33). The marinated solutions were prepared using distilled water with sodium chloride (80 g/l) and sodium phosphate (3 g/l). Marinating process was carried out at 6 ± 2°C during 60 h. Four marinating treatments were carried out, as follows: a) standard marinating as control process, b) without pre-treatment subjected to pulsed vacuum (pulse with absolute pressure of 6.67 kPa applied to the immersed samples during 5 min of the process, followed by 5 h of marinating at atmospheric pressure) c) pre-treatment, micro-perforating samples with CO2-laser then marinating, d) pre-treatment, micro-perforating samples with CO2-laser and then marinating with the pulsed-vacuum process Salt concentration throughout time and moisture content were determined showing an upward trend for both cases. The marinating process coupled with a VI and micro perforations significantly accelerated the mass transfer compared with the conventional salting process achieving a processing time approximately 62% lower than the standard process. The greatest time reduction was obtained with a pore size of 113 µm with honeycomb arrangements and coupled with vacuum impregnation. According to these results, it is concluded that the vacuum impregnation process added to micro laser perforations reduces the pork marinating process time.
Marinating is the process to impregnate meat products with an aqueous solution composed of ingredients such as salt, acids, tenderizers, sugar, phosphates, seasonings and flavorings. The objective of this process is to enhance meat flavor, soften texture and improve water retention. The main limiting factor of the marinating process is the large operating time, mainly due to a slow diffusion of solution through the tissue, produced among other factors by the low temperatures required for product safety during processing. One of technologies that have been explored to accelerate the marinating process, is the application of vacuum impregnation. Vacuum impregnation (VI) have demonstrated to reduce the wet-salting time and promoting a more homogeneous distribution of salt. On the other hand, the micro perforation by a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been studied to accelerate mass transfer process during dehydration of blueberries with good results. Give us good results, therefore, the main objective of this work was to determine the effect of vacuum impregnation and laser micro perforations in the process time.Porcine meats were cut in cylinder of 0.4 m diameter and 0.07 m height, and then were microperforated in an 8x8 dot array with two arrangements (square and honeycomb), and two pore sizes (pore radio of 113 µm ± 7.18 µm and 261 µm ± 5.33). The marinated solutions were prepared using distilled water with sodium chloride (80 g/l) and sodium phosphate (3 g/l). Marinating process was carried out at 6 ± 2°C during 60 h. Four marinating treatments were carried out, as follows: a) standard marinating as control process, b) without pre-treatment subjected to pulsed vacuum (pulse with absolute pressure of 6.67 kPa applied to the immersed samples during 5 min of the process, followed by 5 h of marinating at atmospheric pressure) c) pre-treatment, micro-perforating samples with CO2-laser then marinating, d) pre-treatment, micro-perforating samples with CO2-laser and then marinating with the pulsed-vacuum process Salt concentration throughout time and moisture content were determined showing an upward trend for both cases. The marinating process coupled with a VI and micro perforations significantly accelerated the mass transfer compared with the conventional salting process achieving a processing time approximately 62% lower than the standard process. The greatest time reduction was obtained with a pore size of 113 µm with honeycomb arrangements and coupled with vacuum impregnation. According to these results, it is concluded that the vacuum impregnation process added to micro laser perforations reduces the pork marinating process time.
Description
Catalogado desde la version PDF de la tesis.
Keywords
IMPREGNACION A VACIO, MARINADO DE CARNE, PERFORACION LASER