Thesis ANALISIS DE LA DESIGUALDAD DE GENERO EN EL SISTEMA PREVISIONAL CHILENO.
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Date
2013-01
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA COMERCIAL. INGENIERÍA COMERCIAL
Campus
Campus Vitacura, Santiago
Abstract
La experiencia del país en la transición de un cambio de sistema público de reparto a uno de capitalización individual tiene un impacto diferenciado entre hombres y mujeres. La reforma chilena introdujo un nuevo sistema de pensiones que se caracteriza por entregar beneficios de acuerdo a las contribuciones individuales realizadas durante toda la vida laboral de los individuos, así como también de sus riesgos particulares. De esta manera, las mujeres deben asumir en forma directa todas las desventajas que enfrentan en el mercado del trabajo, bajos salarios, menores años de contribuciones y mayor participación en el mercado informal, así como también, su mayor esperanza de vida y su menor edad de retiro. En este contexto, las mujeres obtendrán menores pensiones en promedio que los hombres, lo que va en directo desmedro de la calidad de vida a la que puedan optar durante su vejez. Utilizando un modelo de simulación con individuos representativos y un caso base determinado, se obtiene que las mujeres obtendrán una tasa de reemplazo de 67% mientras que para el hombre representativo esta alcanzaría un 96%. En todos los análisis de sensibilidad realizados, las mujeres obtienen menores tasas de reemplazo que los hombres. Para tratar de eliminar esta diferencia es que se realizó el cálculo de un bono compensatorio para las mujeres al momento de retirarse, con lo que se pudo conseguir la anhelada igualdad de géneros. Este trabajo destaca la desigualdad que se da entre hombres y mujeres al momento de jubilar, y la importancia de incorporar explícitamente la variable género al realizar reformas al sistema de pensiones, así como también a políticas públicas, especialmente a las referidas al bienestar de las familias.
The country‟s experience in the transition from a public system of share-out to one of individual capitalization had a notorious impact differentiated between men and women. The Chilean reform brought a new pensions system characterized by giving benefits according to the individual contributions made during the working life of people, and also according to their particular risks. In this way, women must assume directly all of the disadvantages they face in the labor market, low wages, less years of contributions and a higher participation in the informal market, and very importantly, their longer life expectancy and lower retirement age. In this context, women would have lower pensions on average than men‟s, and all of these directly affects the quality of life they can have during their oldage.Using a simulation model with representative people and a determined base case, the result is women would have a replacement rate of 67% while the representative man would achieve a 96%. In every sensitivity analysis, women would have lower replacement rates than men‟s. To try eliminating this difference, the estimate of a compensatory bonus to women when they retire was factored, and this made the desired gender equality possible.This work highlights the inequality existent between men and women when they retire, and the importance of explicitly incorporating the gender variable when reforms to the pensions‟ system are made, and also to the public politics, especially the ones referred to the family‟s welfare.
The country‟s experience in the transition from a public system of share-out to one of individual capitalization had a notorious impact differentiated between men and women. The Chilean reform brought a new pensions system characterized by giving benefits according to the individual contributions made during the working life of people, and also according to their particular risks. In this way, women must assume directly all of the disadvantages they face in the labor market, low wages, less years of contributions and a higher participation in the informal market, and very importantly, their longer life expectancy and lower retirement age. In this context, women would have lower pensions on average than men‟s, and all of these directly affects the quality of life they can have during their oldage.Using a simulation model with representative people and a determined base case, the result is women would have a replacement rate of 67% while the representative man would achieve a 96%. In every sensitivity analysis, women would have lower replacement rates than men‟s. To try eliminating this difference, the estimate of a compensatory bonus to women when they retire was factored, and this made the desired gender equality possible.This work highlights the inequality existent between men and women when they retire, and the importance of explicitly incorporating the gender variable when reforms to the pensions‟ system are made, and also to the public politics, especially the ones referred to the family‟s welfare.
Description
Keywords
PENSIONES -- CHILE, AFP, DISCRIMINACION SEXUAL