Thesis SIMULACIÓN DE UN MANTO DE NIEVE MEDIANTE MULTICAPAS PARA LA PREDICCIÓN DE UNA AVALANCHA DE PLACA
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Date
2018-11
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Program
INGENIERÍA CIVIL
Campus
Campus San Joaquín, Santiago
Abstract
Las avalanchas se originan debido a deslizamientos de masas de nieve y son uno de los eventos más destructivos de la naturaleza. Los estudios enfocados en comprender su comportamiento son esenciales para resguardar la infraestructura y la vida de las personas que se encuentran en zonas cordilleranas.
El presente trabajo busca determinar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de un manto de nieve para poder predecir la ocurrencia de una avalancha de placa. Para esto, se utiliza el modelo creado por Stowhas (1975), en donde se simulan los procesos de acumulación y derretimiento de nieve, pero como el manto se compone de sucesivas nevadas que se van acumulando durante el tiempo y ocurren bajo condiciones climáticas distintas, es imposible que exista uniformidad en sus propiedades mecánicas. Por esta razón, se confecciona el modelo incluyendo la modificación de múltiples capas realizada por Silva (2000) y Rojas (2005). De esta forma el modelo arroja las propiedades físicas de cada capa de nieve (tales como espesor, densidad, temperatura, contenido de agua, peso) con las cuales es posible determinar si se cumplen las condiciones para la formación de una avalancha de placa.
Los parámetros que se evalúan para determinar la estabilidad del manto de nieve son: gradiente de temperatura, profundidad de la escarcha y esfuerzo de corte.
Finalmente, se verifica que los resultados obtenidos se encuentran en concordancia con lo expuesto en el Manual de Carreteras.
The avalanches originate because of the snow slide and are one of the most destructive events on nature. The studies focused to learn about its behavior are important for saving the infrastructure and life of the people on high mountain areas. The present work wants to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a snow blanket to predict a snow plate avalanche. To achieve this a model created by Stowhas (1975) is used, where the processes of accumulation and melting are simulated, but because of the snow blanket is made of different snowfalls that accumulates through time and occurs under different climate conditions, it is impossible that uniformity on the mechanical properties exists. For this reason, the model is made including the modifications of multiple layers made by Silva (2000) and Rojas (2005). By this way, the model throws the physical properties of each snow layer (like thickness, density, temperature, water content, weight) with which it could determinate if the currents conditions make possible the occurrence of a snow plate avalanche. The parameters that are evaluated to determine the stability of the snow blanket are: temperature gradient, frost depth and shear strain. Finally, it verifies that the obtained results are in concordance with the exposed on the Manual de Carreteras (Roads Guide).
The avalanches originate because of the snow slide and are one of the most destructive events on nature. The studies focused to learn about its behavior are important for saving the infrastructure and life of the people on high mountain areas. The present work wants to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a snow blanket to predict a snow plate avalanche. To achieve this a model created by Stowhas (1975) is used, where the processes of accumulation and melting are simulated, but because of the snow blanket is made of different snowfalls that accumulates through time and occurs under different climate conditions, it is impossible that uniformity on the mechanical properties exists. For this reason, the model is made including the modifications of multiple layers made by Silva (2000) and Rojas (2005). By this way, the model throws the physical properties of each snow layer (like thickness, density, temperature, water content, weight) with which it could determinate if the currents conditions make possible the occurrence of a snow plate avalanche. The parameters that are evaluated to determine the stability of the snow blanket are: temperature gradient, frost depth and shear strain. Finally, it verifies that the obtained results are in concordance with the exposed on the Manual de Carreteras (Roads Guide).
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Keywords
AVALANCHAS, NIEVE, DESHIELO