Thesis ANÁLISIS DE ALTERNATIVAS PARA EL PLAN DE GESTIÓN INTEGRADA DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS MUNICIPALES PARA LA ILUSTRE MUNICIPALIDAD DE VALPARAÍSO
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Date
2020-01
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y AMBIENTAL. MAGÍSTER EN CIENCIAS DE LA INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA
Campus
Casa Central Valparaíso
Abstract
Se presenta un estudio técnico-económico de las alternativas para la gestión de residuos en la comuna
de Valparaíso.
La investigación se realiza centrada en la situación actual de la comuna en el ámbito de la disposición
de Residuos Sólidos Municipales (RSM). En este contexto, es necesario considerar el estado en el
que se encuentra el país y contrastarlo con los referentes mundiales.
El panorama nacional indica que el uso de vertederos y, en el mejor de los casos, rellenos sanitarios,
son los sitios de disposición final que predominan. A nivel regional, son cerca de 800 mil toneladas
anuales de desechos sólidos municipales producidos, donde cerca de 500 mil toneladas son dispuestas
en el relleno sanitario “El Molle” de la comuna de Valparaíso. Este último tiene vida útil al 2028,
aunque con una licitación próxima a caducar el año 2021. Esta situación es de suma urgencia ya que,
si se generan desacuerdos con el licitante, la salud de las personas podría estar en riesgo debido al
cese temporal de la recogida y disposición de los residuos. Respecto a la región, la tendencia durante
la década del 2000’s indica un alza en la generación de basura en un 30%. Por el contrario, una
disminución en el uso de vertederos y botaderos controlados, bajando de un 40% en 2009 hasta 25%
el año 2011.
Para enfrentar la potencial crisis detectada en la comuna, se exponen las técnicas disponibles para la
gestión de RSM, las cuales permiten atender diferentes fracciones de desechos tratados a través de
múltiples enfoques, siendo el paradigma sostenible más simple el 3R: reducir, reutilizar y reciclar. Se
destacan como referentes mundiales países desarrollados, principalmente de Europa.
En aquellos países el vertido controlado es mínimo, surgiendo técnicas como la incineración,
procesamiento mecánico-biológico y compostaje. Además, respecto al contexto nacional, existen
referentes en innovación de gestión de residuos, donde se consideró a aquellos que se han sometido
voluntariamente al Sistema de Certificación Ambiental Municipal (SCAM).
Luego, se describen las condiciones en las que se desarrolla la gestión de RSM en la comuna en
términos legales y las consecuencias que ha traído la Ley de Responsabilidad Extendida del
Productor.
A raíz del estudio previo, se propone construir una planta de gestión de la fracción orgánica
compostable de los RSM. El proceso seleccionado corresponde a una planta de compostaje en pilas
por volteo mediante minicargador, ubicada en el centro de tratamiento de residuos “El Molle”, más
específicamente sobre la celda 1 y 2 (vertedero clausurado). Considera una capacidad de
procesamiento anual de cerca de 6.700 toneladas y una producción de 2.000 de compost. El área de
compostaje rondaría las 0,86 hectáreas.
A technical-economic study of the alternatives for waste management in the commune of Valparaíso is presented. The research is carried out focusing on the current situation of the commune in the subject matter of the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). In this context, it is necessary to consider the state in which the country is located and contrast it with the world references. The national framework indicates that the use of landfill and, in the best case, sanitary landfills, are the predominant final disposal sites. At the regional level, there are about 800 thousand tons per year of municipal solid waste produced, where about 500 thousand tons are disposed in the sanitary landfill "El Molle" of the commune of Valparaíso. The latter has a useful life to 2028, although with a tender nearing expiration in 2021. This situation is very urgent since, if disagreements are generated with the bidder, people's health could be at risk due to the temporary cessation of the collection and disposal of waste. Regarding the region, the trend during the 2000’s indicates a 30% increase in garbage generation. On the contrary, a decrease in the use of landfills and controlled dumps, down from 40% in 2009 to 25% in 2011. To address the potential crisis detected in the commune, the techniques available for the management of RSM are exposed, which allow to address different fractions of waste treated through multiple approaches, the 3R being the simplest sustainable paradigm: reduce, reuse and recycle. World countries, mainly in Europe, stand out as world references. In those countries the number of sanitary landfills is decreasing, emerging techniques such as incineration, mechanical-biological processing and composting. In addition, regarding national context, there are references in waste management innovation, where those who have voluntarily submitted to the Municipal Environmental Certification System (SCAM) were considered. Then, the conditions under which the MSW management is developed in the commune are described in legal terms and the consequences that the Producer's Extended Responsibility Law has brought. Following the previous study, it is proposed to build a management plant for the compostable organic fraction of the MSW. The selected process corresponds to a composting plant in dump batteries by means of a mini loader, located in the waste treatment center "El Molle", more specifically on cell 1 and 2 (closed landfill). It considers an annual processing capacity of about 6,700 tons and a production of 2,000 compost. The composting area would be around 0.86 hectares. The plant would operate the entire year, with a day from Monday to Friday with only one shift, feeding on organic household waste previously segregated in origin by the inhabitants of the commune. The first-year pilot plan involves just over 3,000 homes, who will receive a weekly compostable bag and containers, being collected by the same trucks and current routes once a week.
A technical-economic study of the alternatives for waste management in the commune of Valparaíso is presented. The research is carried out focusing on the current situation of the commune in the subject matter of the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). In this context, it is necessary to consider the state in which the country is located and contrast it with the world references. The national framework indicates that the use of landfill and, in the best case, sanitary landfills, are the predominant final disposal sites. At the regional level, there are about 800 thousand tons per year of municipal solid waste produced, where about 500 thousand tons are disposed in the sanitary landfill "El Molle" of the commune of Valparaíso. The latter has a useful life to 2028, although with a tender nearing expiration in 2021. This situation is very urgent since, if disagreements are generated with the bidder, people's health could be at risk due to the temporary cessation of the collection and disposal of waste. Regarding the region, the trend during the 2000’s indicates a 30% increase in garbage generation. On the contrary, a decrease in the use of landfills and controlled dumps, down from 40% in 2009 to 25% in 2011. To address the potential crisis detected in the commune, the techniques available for the management of RSM are exposed, which allow to address different fractions of waste treated through multiple approaches, the 3R being the simplest sustainable paradigm: reduce, reuse and recycle. World countries, mainly in Europe, stand out as world references. In those countries the number of sanitary landfills is decreasing, emerging techniques such as incineration, mechanical-biological processing and composting. In addition, regarding national context, there are references in waste management innovation, where those who have voluntarily submitted to the Municipal Environmental Certification System (SCAM) were considered. Then, the conditions under which the MSW management is developed in the commune are described in legal terms and the consequences that the Producer's Extended Responsibility Law has brought. Following the previous study, it is proposed to build a management plant for the compostable organic fraction of the MSW. The selected process corresponds to a composting plant in dump batteries by means of a mini loader, located in the waste treatment center "El Molle", more specifically on cell 1 and 2 (closed landfill). It considers an annual processing capacity of about 6,700 tons and a production of 2,000 compost. The composting area would be around 0.86 hectares. The plant would operate the entire year, with a day from Monday to Friday with only one shift, feeding on organic household waste previously segregated in origin by the inhabitants of the commune. The first-year pilot plan involves just over 3,000 homes, who will receive a weekly compostable bag and containers, being collected by the same trucks and current routes once a week.
Description
Keywords
RESIDUOS, AMBIENTAL, COMPOSTAJE