Thesis Impacto técnico en redes de distribución ante la adopción de la electromovilidad en Chile
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Date
2021
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Program
Ingeniería Civil Eléctrica
Departament
Campus
Campus Santiago San Joaquín
Abstract
El número de vehículos eléctricos en circulación en el país iría en aumento según proyecciones nacionales e internacionales. Producto de esto toma bastante relevancia estudiar los impactos técnicos y desafíos que esta adopción de electromovilidad podría conllevar. Particularmente, en redes de distribución eléctrica existen potenciales impactos en cuanto a niveles de tensión, corriente y distorsión armónica. Por lo anterior, se vuelve una necesidad cuantificar estos impactos y evaluar alternativas que permitan mitigar los mismos.
Problemas de regulación de tensión, sobrecarga de equipos y el incumplimiento de estándares respecto a inyección de armónicos en estado estacionario podrían observarse en la red debido a la recarga de estos vehículos. Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se desarrolla un estudio de carácter estocástico mediante el desarrollo de una metodología Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Esta considera la posibilidad de carga en domicilio, en lugares de trabajo, en lugares comerciales y centros de carga rápida. Se considera además dos tipos de estrategias de carga en los distintos escenarios de estudio definidos. La posibilidad de que los conductores carguen sus vehículos cada vez que tengan la posibilidad de hacerlo, corresponde a una estrategia descontrolada. Mientras que para la estrategia offpeak se define un horario de tarifa baja a partir de las 22:00 que incentivaría a los conductores a cargar sus vehículos a partir de este horario. Para cada 10 minutos de un día de semana se determina el estado de cada vehículo, terminando el instante de tiempo ejecutando un flujo de potencia y guardando resultados. La metodología es desarrollada en Python, el cual utiliza al software OpenDSS para ejecutar flujos de potencia. Este estudio se ejecuta en un modelo de red construido con datos de un alimentador real del sector oriente de Santiago.
Los resultados obtenidos indican que un escenario favorable para adopción de electromovilidad sería promover la diversidad geográfica y temporal de los eventos de carga de vehículos eléctricos. Una forma de hacer esto es promover la carga en lugares de trabajo y lugares comerciales. Aquellos escenarios en donde se evaluó esta posibilidad provocaron una disminución considerable de los impactos negativos en las variables eléctricas de interés para el estudio. Al analizar también aquellos eventos que tomaban lugar fuera del alimentador en estudio se pudo apreciar de mejor manera la distribución de eventos de carga a horarios distintos al punta. Esto hace notar que la diversificación de los eventos de carga aporta en un efecto de aplanar la curva de demanda del sistema.
Finalmente, se realizan recomendaciones a la normativa técnica actual y futura asociada a electromovilidad, elaborando también otras que permitirían escenarios más favorables de adopción de electromovilidad en el país. Entre estas últimas se destacan: incentivar la diversificación de los eventos de carga, permitir el acceso a tarifas diferenciadas y hacer un levantamiento de información sobre uso de este tipo de vehículos en el país.
The number of electric vehicles in circulation in the country will be increasing, according to national and international projections. As a result, it is important to study the technical impacts and challenges that the adoption of electric mobility could bring. Particularly in electrical distribution networks there are potential impacts in terms of current voltage levels and harmonic distortion. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify these impacts and evaluate alternatives to mitigate them. Voltage regulation problems, equipment overloading, and non-compliance with standards regarding stationary harmonic injection could be observed in the network due to the recharge of these vehicles. Therefore, this work involves a stochastic study through the development of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo methodology. This considers the possibility of charging at home, in workplaces, in commercial places and quick charging centers. It also considers two types of charging strategies in the different scenarios defined. The possibility of drivers to charge their vehicles every time they have the possibility to do so, corresponds to an uncontrolled strategy. In the off-peak strategy a low rate schedule starting at 10:00 p.m. is defined on the tariff system , which would encourage drivers to start charging their vehicles at this time. For every 10 minutes of a weekday, the state of each vehicle is determined, ending every instant of time by executing a power flow and saving results. The methodology is developed in Python, which uses OpenDSS software to execute power flows. This study is executed in a network model built with data from a real feeder of the east sector of Santiago. The results obtained indicate that a favorable scenario for the adoption of electromobility would be to promote the geographic and temporal diversity of electric vehicle charging events. One way to do this is to promote charging in workplaces and commercial locations. The scenarios where this possibility was evaluated resulted in a considerable decrease in negative impacts on the electrical variables of interest to the study. By also analyzing those events that took place outside the feeder under study, it was possible to better appreciate the distribution of charging events at times other than the peak. Noting that the diversification of the load events contributes to a flattening out of the system demand curve. Finally, recommendations are made to the current and future technical regulations associated to electromobility, also elaborating others that would allow more favorable scenarios for the adoption of electromobility in the country. Among the latter are: to encourage the diversification of loading events, to allow access to differentiated rates and to collect information on the use of this type of vehicle in the country.
The number of electric vehicles in circulation in the country will be increasing, according to national and international projections. As a result, it is important to study the technical impacts and challenges that the adoption of electric mobility could bring. Particularly in electrical distribution networks there are potential impacts in terms of current voltage levels and harmonic distortion. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify these impacts and evaluate alternatives to mitigate them. Voltage regulation problems, equipment overloading, and non-compliance with standards regarding stationary harmonic injection could be observed in the network due to the recharge of these vehicles. Therefore, this work involves a stochastic study through the development of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo methodology. This considers the possibility of charging at home, in workplaces, in commercial places and quick charging centers. It also considers two types of charging strategies in the different scenarios defined. The possibility of drivers to charge their vehicles every time they have the possibility to do so, corresponds to an uncontrolled strategy. In the off-peak strategy a low rate schedule starting at 10:00 p.m. is defined on the tariff system , which would encourage drivers to start charging their vehicles at this time. For every 10 minutes of a weekday, the state of each vehicle is determined, ending every instant of time by executing a power flow and saving results. The methodology is developed in Python, which uses OpenDSS software to execute power flows. This study is executed in a network model built with data from a real feeder of the east sector of Santiago. The results obtained indicate that a favorable scenario for the adoption of electromobility would be to promote the geographic and temporal diversity of electric vehicle charging events. One way to do this is to promote charging in workplaces and commercial locations. The scenarios where this possibility was evaluated resulted in a considerable decrease in negative impacts on the electrical variables of interest to the study. By also analyzing those events that took place outside the feeder under study, it was possible to better appreciate the distribution of charging events at times other than the peak. Noting that the diversification of the load events contributes to a flattening out of the system demand curve. Finally, recommendations are made to the current and future technical regulations associated to electromobility, also elaborating others that would allow more favorable scenarios for the adoption of electromobility in the country. Among the latter are: to encourage the diversification of loading events, to allow access to differentiated rates and to collect information on the use of this type of vehicle in the country.
Description
Keywords
Electromovilidad, Vehículos eléctricos, Sistemas de energía eléctrica
